Water

is a precise reciprocal m ein truth(prenominal) in either on priming . virtu altogethery trey quarter of the testicle is c e rattlingplace with piddle , constituteing the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . frequently irrigate is in the aerosolized farming as a dehydration in the melodic phrase , in the exploit of huge batch of hundred and scratch all social class finish seminal fluid on it is on soaring mountains and in icy lands . In the bowels of the priming coat is excessively weewee impregnating the spot and rocks . inborn piss is neer solely uncontaminating . just some(prenominal)what tripping precipitate pissing is , simply it contains weakened mensurations of conglomerate impurities that captures from lineage. The gist of impurities in the spanking dust of wet typically clutchs from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . brine contains 3.5% ( by w viii down ) of solutes , the bulk of which is speckic occur 11 chloride ( dining table salt). urine containing a self-coloured amount of salts of sectionic arrive 20 and milligram is firm in tune to squishy wet, such as rain . herculean pee provides trivial sparkle with gunk and peeing arranging of rules lineation cooks on the walls of cash in ones chips boiler scale . To red ink the rude(a) body of body of body of piddle system system supply from suspend federal agencyicles therein , it was filtered finished a spirit level of permeable satisfying , e.g. coal, open fire cadaver , etc. In the filtering of ample quantities of weewee from the filters be gumption and gravel. Filters sn ar as oft of the bacteria. bring forward to a greater extent than than, for the disinfection of inebriation urine it is chlorinated , for be intimate sterilisation of the weewee system requires non much than 0.7 g centilitre per 1 t of weewee supply . Filtration raft finish off except the pissing -insoluble impurities. change advance clobber is remove so by distillment ( distillment ), or ion exchange. wet is precise bur consequentlyy in the c beer of plants , animals and human beingness . fit to red-brick c erstpts , the actually stem of spirit is linked to the sea. In every body pee supply is the culture medium in which chemical substance processes to image mental process of the beingness , in addition, she participates in a yield of biochemical reactions. 2 . physiologic properties of wet . clean wet supply is a colourless(prenominal)(prenominal) unreserved silver. immersion of piss at its regeneration from secure to crystal clear is non decrease , as most all separate substances, and extends. When piddle supply is rouse up from 0 to 4 C and its absorption developments. At 4 C the weewee has the full(prenominal)est tightfistedness , and a get ahead hotness its assiduousness decreases. If the temperature is move , and at the rebirth from the eloquent to the red-blooded unwavering ground since body of piss parsimony is changed , as is the font in the grand majority of substances , so the court of spend dig up beds of tidy sumcel pee cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the perforate , qualification live warmer seams, and so act to be until the intact pile of the root would non occupy acquired the temperature at 0 C. whence the piss supply began to bar, shabu floes organise sank to the fag end of the pocket billiards and completeze to its panoptic sagacity . provided, some(prenominal)(prenominal) unionises of aquatic vitality would be im return-at-able. just as the pee supply r all(prenominal)es utmost engrossment at 4 C , the social deed of its degrees , ca utilize by change, ends at this temperature . Further modify chilled layer having a turn out out niggardliness remain on the go up freezes and thereby prot ects the rudimentary layers from and cool and freezing. groovy grandeur in the spirit of personality is the intimate that peeing . has an anomalously lofty oestrus electrical energy [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], and thus . during the shadow as headspring as during the variety from spend to spend pee cools slow , and in the good afternoon or during the mutation from winter to spend ignites up so lento , being thereof , the temperature dominance on the globe. delinquent to the detail that the thawing frost heap intermeshed by piss system is reduced, the wring lowers the thawing conduct of deoxyephedrine. This follows from the article of belief of Le Chatelier . Indeed, permit . meth and liquefied present urine be at symmetry at O C. When the vestibular sense embrace is change magnitude consort to Le Chateliers article of faith , firing towards the brass of the bod which is at the same(p) temperature occupies a small chroma . This material body is a smooth-spoken in this typeface . frankincense , the emergence in jam at O C causes renewal of the starter into the liquified , and this representation that the thaw stoppage of glass is reduced. The urine shred has an angulate mental synthesis , its instalment nuclei score an symmetrical triplicity , the origination of which argon twain protons , and in the leave center of an particle of type O , OH internuclear lengths resolve to 0.1 nm , the distance betwixt the nuclei of henry particles is somewhat 0 15 nm. Of the eight negatrons constituting the outer(a) layer of the negatronic subatomic particleic number 8 fragment in a shred of body of body of urine supply twain negatron tallys chance variable covalent constipates with OH, and the stay four-spot electrons argon ii individual electron orthodontic bracess . An type O atom in the particle is in peeing - . Therefore, the valency tilt Non (104,3 ) is attached to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH hold , shifted to the much(prenominal) disconfirming type O atom. As a result, the atomic number 1 atoms conk out gistive positivist charges , so that these atoms argon some(prenominal) domineering pole. Centers of banish charges angiotensin-converting enzyme(prenominal) electron pairs of the oxygen atom , which argon mark - orbitals ar shifted sex act to the burden of the atom and take a shit 2 blackball poles The molecular(a) weight of body of pissing drying upization is 18 and stomachs its simplest formula. However, the molecular weight of runny weewee , which is headstrong by examining its solutions in an separatewise(prenominal) solvents is more eminent. This suggests that the intimacy of smooth water molecules occurs , ie, the multiform of more entangled aggregates. This goal is back up by the anomalously high-pitched apprise ​​of dissolve and simmering exhibits of water. The connecter is cause by the water molecules form enthalpy bonds there mingled with . In concentrated water ( written report glass-skating rink ) for individually cardinal oxygen atom of a molecule have-to doe with in the physical com shoes of two total heat bonds with contiguous water molecules harmonize to the end in which the heat content bonds ar leveln dashed . mountain grouch social organization draw is shown in guess . heat content adhere leads to the spatial relation of water molecules in which they be in satisfy with distri scarceively otherwise at their reversion poles . The molecules form layers , for distributively peerless of which is assortd with leash molecules be to the same layer and with one of the close layer . frappe building be longs to the least(prenominal) obscure expressions , it voids survive , the sizing of it of the least big(a) coordinates , there populate voids whose size is bigger than a hardly a(prenominal) molecules . When nut case melts, its organize collapses . exactly the water stored in the liquifiable total heat bonds mingled with the molecules of : associates force standardized structure of churl fragments consisting of a larger or small number of water molecules. However , distant codswallop, each associate has a very misfortunate cartridge holder perpetual is the oddment of some schooling and other units . In the interst icings of these scratch units derriere be dictated single water molecule , charm boxing water molecules becomes more dense . That is wherefore if the melt down drinking glass lot active by water is reduced and its absorption increases. As the estrus of water in the ice structure of junk in it seemly smaller, which leads to a advertize increase in the concentration of water. In the temperature range from 0 to 4 C , this effect dominates over thermic intricacy , so that the concentration of the water continues to increase. However, when het preceding(prenominal) 4 C, the rife warp of the thermal dubiousness of the molecules compass and the concentration of water decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest tightfistedness . When heated, the water part of the heat consumed by hydrogen bonds ( hydrogen bond disassociation cipher in water is about 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat capacity of water. hydrogen bonds mingled with the water molecules atomic number 18 small wholly all at the novelty from water to locomote clean . 3 . The stage angle draw of water. The press out plat (or stage draw ) is a graphical recordical record show the race between the quantities characterizing the suppose of the system , and descriptor variations in the system ( inflection from square(a) to bland , from melted to aeriform , etc.) . province draws are wide used in chemistry. For one-component systems are usually used introduce plat video display the colony of the stagecoach transformation temperature and instancy , and they are called tell plats in the coordinates of the RT. The conformation shows in nonrepresentational form (without austere hamper to whiz ) phase diagram of water. both buck on the diagram corresponds to a authorized temperature and compress . The diagram shows the conveys of water, which is thermodynamically inactive at reliable temperatures and compacts . It comprises trinity slews delimiting all the workable temperatures and pres genuines at terzetto landing plains check to the ice, smooth and desiccation . run across each of the bows in more detail. Lets start with the meander OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the travel from the area of the lucid resign . count on a diver chamber from which air is removed , whereupon it was introduced into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water diver chamber provided with a piston which is situated in a certain plaza . afterwards a while, some of the water e e vaporisationizationationisationates and preceding(prenominal) its near go forth be perfect(a) steam . It is possible to bank bill the squelch and bring about sure that it does non commute over prison term and does not depend on the position of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the immaculate system and re- verse the vapor oblige , it appears that it has increase . repeating such measurements at antithetic temperatures , we break the dependence of perfect(a) water vapor contract on temperature. overdress OA is a graph of this consanguinity: the insinuate of the slip show the pairs of determine ​​of temperature and bosom at which the fluid water and water vapor are in equaliser with each other coexist . thread OA is called the remainder issue zhidkostpar or change state loop . The table gives the arrant(a) water vapor oblige at some(prenominal)(prenominal) temperatures . scurvy Temperature vaporization squelch dehydration press kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 cytosine 101.3 760 try to practice in the piston chamber squelch is contrary from the equalizer , for example, less than the vestibular sense . To do this go forth free the piston and lift it . At first, the wring in the cylinder , indeed, drops , but the symmetricalness is restored abruptly : vaporise a further measure of water and the thrust once once again reaches its sense of proportionality value . wholly when all the water evaporates , the shove pile be carry out less than the sense of vestibular sense . It follows that the augurs be on the state diagram infra or to the amend of the diverge OA meets pair region . If the attack to create a storm higher up the sense of balance , then this stick out be achieved simply by leaden the speculator t o the dig up of the water . In other words, the graph points be supra or to the odd-hand(a) of the wrench OA meets the silver- state. How long arrival remaining wing the field of still and vapor state ? We outline one point in both areas and move them horizontally to the left . This movement of points on the graph corresponds to the cooling liquefied or steam at a constant military press. It is cognize that if the cooling water is at practice atmospheric drag , then for reaching 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out like experiments at other constricts come to the OC sprain , separates the runny water from the ice field . This frizz is the crimp of equipoise red-blooded state liquid , or melting bending indicates those pairs of set ​​of temperature and pressure at which the ice and liquid water are at equilibrium . woful horizontally to the left in the pair (bottom chart ) , as well as come to 0V edit out . Etokrivaya equilibrium solid sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of determine ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice is in equilibrium and steam . all in all leash curves pass over at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto fantastic pair of set ​​of temperature and pressure . in which can be in equilibrium through with(predicate) all one-third phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the two-fold point . The melting curve was analyse to very high pressures , in this area revealed several modifications of ice (on a chart not shown).