Training Needs Assessment Essay Example for Free

Training Needs Assessment EssayTraining and developing the workforce is an authorized activity for any activity. Before conducting a training program, organizations should conduct training-needs assessment. It will help the organization in identifying what training the employees have, what theyll need now, and what will they need in the future. In other words, the needs assessment will help in identifying who needs the training, and what kind of training is needed. A needs assessment is conducted on troika levels organizational analysis, task analysis, and individual analysis. The organizational analysis looks at the training needs of the organization as a whole.It looks at how the changes in the macro surroundings affect the organization and what kind of training will be needed. In task analysis, training assessment about a job is made so as to achieve optimum productivity. In the end, individual analysis breaks down the need for each individual employee as to what kind of training hell need. (Barbazette, 2006) oddment We have identified numerous areas of HRM relating to labor relations, employee management and global HR that would be helpful to a small manufacturing embed. These are the core HR concepts that must(prenominal) be implemented in every organization.Weve also identified how to prepare for collective bargaining process, and drafted a plan as to how to reduce accidents and stress on the plant floor. In conclusion, human resource management is very important for any kind of organization big or small. Even small manufacturing plant must know how to motivate its employees. It should also keep in mind their training needs, how to evaluate them, and their incentive plans. Lastly, it should also be aware of the equal trade opportunity laws that are required by law.ReferenceBarbazette, J. (2006). Training Needs Assessment Methods, Tools, and Techniques. Washington D. C. Pfeiffer.

Ethnic Identity Essay Example for Free

Ethnic individuality EssayIntroduction Many studies on the cropman achievements of Mangyans prove to be so beneficial to many enthusiasts concerned with natural peoples development. A little look on the levels of initiate attitudes and self think of of Buhid Mangyan pupils in Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementary Schools serves as a springboard in drawing deeper implication how these potential variables actually impact on their faculty member performance as priority learners in the civilize.Based on the actual observance of the researcher, the increasing number of Buhid Mangyan enrollees in the give lessonss for the last five years positively indicates their alterd appreciation of formal instruction and trainings as a capital kernel to enrich their accessible, economic and pagan conditions. Given all the opportunities to develop their innate potentials, the Buhid Mangyan pupils ar able to cope with the learning surround they are in however, a set of many obvious problems as regards to how they realise out effectively learn and perform are seen.Because most of the pupils in Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementary Schools reside in distributed communities, most of them usually report to class late, others cannot simply present themselves in the entire whole day of classes, sometimes they prefer to be absent in the afternoon to help out their parents do some house chores for girls. The male Buhid Mangyans on the other hand, go out to the field to plant, take care and deplete their animals and perform other labor intensive household activities wish cutting wood for cooking, fetching water to drink and others. These economic factors are potential hindrances why the Buhid Mangyan pupils persist in left behind compared with their counterparts among Hanunuo and Alangan groups.The same factors seemingly bear direct impact on the level of attitude of the Buhid Mangyan pupils which they most usually manifest in their behavior tow ards learning, force field habits, preparation of projects readiness to learn and participation in classroom activities. Although they are interested to learn, their ability to respond to the t individuallyers commission appears to be at a dismal level due to hunger, uneasy behavior and timidity. The result indicates that the Buhid Mangyan pupils cannot perform on time their assignments and prepare projects because most of their time is spent for earning a living as their form of stick out to their parents.The inert effects of these patterns of behavior results in the low-level esteem they feel at the midst of frustration and discomfort, which in the process, results in the lack of quality time for sensible kindization with various groups of people, thus, a feeling of isolation from the mainstream community acquits to dwindling individual morale, and failure to sustainably possess respect, pride, indigenization and love of socialal beliefs and traditions they ought to keep u p deeply rooted in themselves. In the same manner, the most obvious effect of the stir to which they are in is the relatively low extent of academic achievement of the Buhid Mangyan pupils.The foregoing bowment implies that the experiences of Buhid Mangyan pupils are certainly ludicrous to themselves being in an environment that induces their patterns of actions and behavior. According to Llyod (2007), some(prenominal) ethnic affiliation a certain person belongs to, he has a certain set of set system and behavioral patterns being practiced and adopted. The value system of the family and constituent members plays a big factor in the importance pr wizard to education, the value of child labor, gender discrimination that pr way out girls from attending rail to work and discrimination in pay ground on sex or type of work of children.For Connolly (2009), the view of ethnicity relates to the actual condition of Buhid Mangyan pupils from Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementa ry Schools in Gloria District. Ethnicity plays a major role in many peoples lives which sometimes have a positive influence. It helps people identify and understand their needs, turn the negative influence includes can be prejudice and discrimination.The valid connection amidst academic achievements and level of attitude and esteem of Buhid learners can still be best measure outed with the application of creativity, genuine understanding by the 1 / 17 teachers of the holistic individuation operator of the learners. As diversely unique individuals with special traits and experiences, there whitethorn also be some good things about them the teachers can value so much as every individual has his own giftedness endowed to him. Problems underlie the mismatch between positive attitude and higher(prenominal) esteem and the high level academic achievement of these learners can also be stopped from lingering when teachers continue to perform their sworn in function in the name of lon g-term development aspired for by the national g all overnment.By discovering and exploring the hidden talents of Buhid Mangyan learners, chances are that their theory of education can improve. In support to this, the Philippines, as a geographically and ethno- linguistically diverse country, has long undertaken initiatives in identifying and educating gifted individuals. The preponderance of psychometric assessments in identifying gifted individuals, however, research investigating indigenous conceptions of giftedness has been scanty (Orosa amp Fernandez, 2008).Given all these scenarios, the researcher derived inspiration from the current situation in which Buhid Mangyans are in, because this study permitd hard data on the level of attitude and esteem of the respondents and how these significantly relate to their academic achievements. This undertaking would also shed light to the fact that a needed improvement in treating the Buhid Mangyan is just a necessity to make them feel t hey are as important as other ethnical groups inhabiting the state of matter in general and the Municipality of Gloria in particular. Theoretical Framework This study is strengthened by concepts from educational and psychological theories that relate to learners attitude, esteem and academic achievements.Classical instruct Theory Berliner (2007) espoused that Ivan Pavlovs Classical Conditioning Theory describes how stimuli that occur together whitethorn get along with to evoke similar responses. It also describes how rewards shape and maintain behavior. This supports the idea that the Buhid Mangyan pupils can be inspired or motivated to interact with the mainstream community without thinking of their ethnicity.This can be done by drill managers and teachers as wellspring when Buhid Mangyan pupils get the equal cadence of recognition from these people, which will insulate them to exhibit positive traits and behavior towards learning and achieving academically. Capitalizing on t heir good attitude and esteem as individuals, Buhid Mangyan pupils can be given a chance to discover their strengths and contribution to individual development through trying debt instrument, independence and love of work. Attribution and Psychosocial Theories Lilienfeld et al. (2010) state that the Attribution Theory proposed by Fritz Heider, describes the role of motivation in a persons success or failure in school situations.Success on a test, for instance, could be attributed to luck or hard work the theory predicts the behavior of students depending on their responses. The theory of the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget that intellectual ability is qualitatively unalike at different ages and that children need interaction with the environment to gain intellectual competency has influenced all of education and psychology.This new concept of intelligence affected the form of learning environments for young children and the development of mathematics and science weapons platform s. The various concepts discussed in the theories mentioned above relate to the present study because dealing with the behavior of the Buhid Mangyan pupils may take aim a strict consideration of their attributes based on their cultural integration with the same or other groups of Mangyan who baffle comfort and convenience without inhibitions due to their commonalities and plebeian understanding.However, teachers from the selected elementary school at Gloria District with Buhid Mangyan pupils can help themselves predict what patterns of behavior or attitude may be manifested by the pupils depending on how their unique attributes are regarded with a humanistic touch. The amount of extraordinary concern and care shown by school officials and teachers towards Buhid Mangyans can spur an increased level of esteem among them.This will takingsually 2 / 17 result in the development of trust among pupils and a sense of fulfillment despite their cultural orientation. Theory of Behaviorism As cited by Kohlberg (2010), the Theory of Behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner in 1958 is anchored on three assumptions of learning. First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning.For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning. The first conditioning is classical conditioning which describes that the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus while the other is the operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. The precepts of the theory have binding principles in the current studys inclusion of attitude and esteem of Buhid Mangyans in relation to their academic achievements.This implies that there is an pass judgment positive change in the behavior of Buhid Mangyan pupils once they feel they are motivated and exceedingly esteemed leading to quality learning, which can be manifested by their high academic achievements. Because of the stimulating environment created collegially by the school community including their parents and themselves, they are also able to the positive effects of their environment to productive learning.In essence, the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning, the Buhid Mangyan pupils can likewise appreciate that interconnected ideas they learn can lead to the fulfillment of their individual learning goals to get higher grades in the subject areas discussed. All the discussed theories are helpful sources of theoretical precepts which may help the researcher justify the probable relationships between the paired autonomous and helpless variables under study.Conceptual Framework Independent VariablesDependent Variable School Attitude Attachment Involvement Commitment Beliefs in School Rules Ethnic Identity Cultural Identity Involvement in Traditional Activities Involvement in handed-down Spirituality egoism Output Proposed Program/Activities to Improve Ethnic Identity, self-pride and School Attitude of Grade V Buhid Mangyan Pupils in Gloria District 3 / 17 Figure1.Conceptual Framework of the contemplate Figure 1 shows the conceptual good example of the study. The independent variables are ethnic identity expressed in terms of cultural identification, involvement in traditionalistic Buhid activities, traditional spirituality and self-conceit the dependent variable is the school attitude of students in terms of fastening, involvement, commitment, and beliefs in school rules.The lines with the arrow from the two independent variables going to the dependent variable show the hypothesized relationship between the these variables. The two-tailed arrow connecting the independent variables, ethnic identity and egotism shows the perceived relationship between these variables. Whereas, the two broken lines from the independent and dependent variables pointing downward lead to the proposed plan that may strengthen or sustain the ethnic identity, self-esteem, and school attitude of Buhid Mangyans. Statement of the Problem This study focus on ethnic identity, self-esteem and school attitudes of Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District.Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions What aspects of ethnic identity are practiced by the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, oriental Mindoro? What is the level of self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? What is the level of school attitude of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District Gloria, Oriental Mindoro?Is there a significant relationship between ethnic identity and school attitude of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? Is there a significant relationship between self-esteem and school attitude of Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? Is there a significant relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan Pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District? What programs/activities can be undertaken by the schools to sustain/strengthen ethnic identity and self-esteem to improve the school attitudes of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro?Hypotheses The study proposes the following hypotheses There is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and school attitudes of the Buhid Mangy an pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro. There is a significant relationship between self-esteem and school attitudes of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro. There is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro.Significance of the Study This study may be of great contribution to different groups of people who are openly engaged in the educative development of pupils in the plane section of Education (DepEd) and its stakeholders. Buhid Mangyan pupils may be able to appreciate this study as a source of credible information on how their school attitude, self-esteem and school attachment help them feel as proud members of a Mangyan ethnic group. The information to be gathered may also enable them to relate these factors to their academic achievement.Thus, this stu dy may serve as an eye-opener to them insofar as their cultural authenticity, self-esteem as individual member of a Mangyan community would be given just consideration through an academic and professional study. Being the principal beneficiaries of this study, they may likewise be given the means to analyze how their personal attributes repair their academic standing, from which they could identify their most liked and 4 / 17 least liked subject area/s as herein enumerated. Buhid Mangyan parents may come across with assessment results pertaining to the effects of their childrens attitude and self-esteem on their academic performance.As the childrens immediate environment at home, they may assess the intensity of the need for their children to be provided with parental support, particularly moral and spiritual guidance to make them obedient, compliant and value-laden members of society. The parents may be able to increase the amount and quality of time necessary for the pupils to le arn to an optimum level. Teachers of the Buhid Mangyan pupils may be given sound reference to reinforce the psycho-social and analytical competence in instruction to make their classrooms for the pupils conducive, welcoming and adhere to the principle of cultural diversity and ethnicity.The findings of this study may encourage them to undertake necessary measures to further increase the potential of Buhid Mangyan pupils to show positive attitude relative to learning behavior, study habits, preparation of projects, readiness to learn and participation in classroom activities. The idea of quality instruction, anchored on indigenization may be developed in the teachers because this study may enable them to gain deeper understanding of how the level of esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils contributes to socialization, exhibition of respect, pride, practice of indigenization and love of cultural beliefs and traditions.The results on the assessed academic achievement of pupils measured by t he grade they obtain in different subjects may help them determine how well their instruction and the Buhid pupils attitude and esteem serve as determinants of performance. The school principals of the selected public elementary schools with indigenous people-pupils may be able to use the recommendations of the researcher to improve the state of instruction among Buhid Mangyan pupils at all levels.This is because the information of the respondents attitude and esteem may be used as his/her basis in preparing a more indigenized and inclusive academic programs knowing to enrich their overall potentials as learners. The usefulness of class observation may also be justified by the results of this study because as school administrators they could provide their teachers with inputs on how to deal effectively with the learning needs of Buhid learners. Mangyan historians and writers may make use of the entire study as supplemental data to be include in write-ups on Buhid pupils behavior, e steem and their appreciation of formal educational trainings to enhance their socio-economic status.The findings, conclusions and recommendations of this study may be considered as documents for their deeper treatment of the cultural keystoneground on Buhid Mangyans who now experience development through education, which can be compared with other ethnic groups of Mangyans. Officials of the Office for the Southern Cultural Communities (OSCC) and other private non- government organizations like the Mangyan Mission, National Indigenous Peoples Coalition (NIPC) may regard this study very useful.They may be supplied with factual information on the financial, actual and other relevant educational needs of the tribal group, which they could consider as instrumental in the fulfillment of national governments thrust to improve the plight of indigenous peoples in the province of Oriental Mindoro. Future researchers may also put prime value on this study as their back up local study should they perform a professional study dealing on Mangyan attitudes, esteem and academic performance. The whole study may support their claim that educational development among Mangyans continues to be observable, thus deeper analysis and interpretation of related variables and indicators can be delved. Scope and Delimitation of the Study.The pupils ethnic identity, self-esteem and school attitude as an expression of cultural identity and their school attachment as independent and dependent variables in this study were assessed by the researcher. These were inter-paired to determine each significantly related to one another. After the analysis and interpretation of the variables and their indicators, the researcher came up with a plan to improve the school attitude and self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils for their cultural 5 / 17 development. This study is limited to the Buhid Mangyan pupils from Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin.Elementary Schools. The Buhid Mangyan pupils will be chosen base on the fact that the selected elementary schools has the biggest population of Buhid Mangyan pupils. Definition of foothold The researcher defined all the terms used in this study to enable its readers to gain deeper understanding of what this study is all about. Attachment refers to the developed parsimoniousness of Buhid pupils with the school officials, teachers and all members of the school organization which enable them to grow as individuals. Belief in school rules are the assessed perceptions of the Buhid Mangyan on the applicability of school policies, how these are implemented and how pupils comply with.Buhid Mangyans refer to one of the eight recognized ethnic groups of Mangyans, mostly residing in the upland communities of Gloria in Oriental Mindoro. Commitment determines the school attachment of Buhid Mangyan pupils in which they show their willingness to perform their academic tasks. Cultural identification refers to the common cultural practices recogniz ed by Hanunuo Mangyans that make them distinct from the other ethnic groups in Mindoro.Ethnic identity pertains to how individuals interpret and understand their ethnicity and, specifically, the degree to which they identify with their ethnic group (Phinney, 1996). Involvement means the active participation of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in classroom, academic and non- academic activities of the school for their holistic development. School Attitude and Self-Esteem Plan refer to the output of the researcher which guides the implementation of relevant cultural development programs anchored on school attitude, self-esteem and school attachment. School attachment of Grade V Buhid Mangyan Pupils describes the respondents as to their commitment, attachment, involvement and belief in school rules.School attitude refers to the statement of cultural identity of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in Gloria District. Self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils pertains to the level of morale and pride felt by the Buhid Mangyan pupils as member of the express ethnic group. Traditional activities refer to social activities reflecting aspects of shade in which Buhid Mangyans involved themselves in. Traditional spirituality refers to the practice of religious activities of the Buhid Mangyans. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.This chapter presents all the related literature and studies which support the parole of the researcher on ethnic identity, level of self-esteem and school attitude of Buhid Mangyan pupis in Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementary Schools in Gloria District. Ethnic Identity Identity development is decisive for individuals because it is during this process that they discover who they are and who they hope to become. A fundamental social environment that influences the development of a self-identity is ethnic group membership (Markstrom-Adams, 1992).Ethnic identity pertains to how individuals interpret and understand their ethnicity and, specifically, the degree to which they identify with their ethnic group (Phinney, 1996). The impact of ethnic identity is especially relevant in heterogeneous societies, such as the United States, where minority groups and a dominant social group coexist (Rosenthal, 1987). From the above cited literature, it was found out that ethnic identity has relationships with psychological well-being, and it has effects on the contextual factors in adolescents lives that may influence or interact with their ethnic identity development.Contextual factors such as family, school, and community are linked with ethnic identity because it is within these contexts that adolescents lives are embedded (Bronfenbrenner, 1989 Garcia Coll et al. , 1996). According to Eriksons (1968) identity formation perspective, it is through exploration of options (sometimes experienced through 6 / 17 crises) and sign of the zodiac commitments to ideologies and an occupation that individuals come to achieve a secure identity.Marcia (19 80) furthered Eriksons ideas by developing four identity statuses with which to operationalize Eriksons theoretical notions. Individuals are classified into the statuses based on the presence or absence of a decision-making period (i. e. , exploration) and the extent of their commitment in the domains of occupation, ideologies, and interpersonal values (Marcia, 1994). Phinney further extended these ideas by examining Marcias statuses in relation to ethnic identity development. According to Phinney (1990), ethnic identity development is a process that takes place.The above-mentioned reviews on the concepts of ethnic identity find fitness in this study because they stress the idea that ethnic identity development is linked with factors such as family, school, and community because it is within these contexts that adolescents lives are embedded. Self-Esteem Self-Esteem is literally defined by how much value people place on themselves. It is the evaluative component of self- companionsh ip. High self-esteem refers to a highly favorable global evaluation of the self. Low self-esteem, by definition, refers to unfavorable definition of the self. Self esteem does not carry any definitional requirement of accuracy whatsoever.Thus, high self-esteem may refer to an accurate, justified, balanced appreciation of ones worth and ones successes and competencies, but it can also refers to an inflated, arrogant, grandiose, unwarranted sense of conceited favorable position over others. By the same token, low self-esteem can be either an accurate, well-founded understanding of ones shortcoming as a person or a distorted, even pathological sense of insecurity and inferiority. School Attitude One aspect of school attitude that has been identified is school spirit. A component of school spirit which has particular relevance to adolescence is the belief that ones school is an adequate reflection of who they are (Coker amp Borders, 1996).another(prenominal) way to understand the adole scence strong need to identify with school is through Finns (1989) identification participation model. Finn argues that that being able to identify with school is critical for adolescents school attitude and well-being. Jenkinss (1997) work with the school bond demonstrates measures of involvement in extracurricular activities including sports, clubs, and special school events is a strong predictor of school attitude. In keeping with Finns (1989) Identification-Participation model, school bonds represents involvement and engagement that also includes non-academic, school related activities.Involvement in Traditional Activities and SpiritualityPow-wows are community social gatherings that include traditional activities such as dance and song. It is also a celebration of tribal custom and cultural connectedness. Pow-wows begin by way of a grand entry with all dancers participating in honor of the event. A master of ceremony is the voice of the pow-wow to the singers, dancers, drums ro tation, and informs the public in general. Different styles of dancing with traditional regalia are accompanied by drums and native songs. Traditional and contemporary foods are provided or sold along with the event.(Wright et al. 2001). The sweat lodge ceremony is traditional purification ceremony that incorporates traditional singing, prayer, counseling, and sharing similar to a talking circle. It takes place in an enclosed space (lodge) with heated rocks, heat, and steam (Mails, 1978). Tribes may transfer to integrate their own customs, philosophies and traditional use of medicines during facilitation of the ceremony (Wright et al. 2011). Drumming groups are accompanied by native singing of traditional songs and intertwined with dancers at pow-wows of other cultural based tribal event.Roundhouse is a large ceremonial house where America Indian people gather together for ceremonial dances, singing and prayer (Bibby, 1993). The Buhid Mangyans The Philippines has its vowed responsi bility to provide accessible and quality education to all children. Here, all types of learners, regardless of their cultural groups and orientations are 7 / 17 included, even the Buhid Mangyans. Perpertua (2009) stated that schools do not use Moro languages as mediums of instruction to any significant extent nor do most of the civil service and governmental positions require fluency in one of these languages, though they do demand fluency in Filipino.This creates a very real obstacle to the full participation of the Moro Muslims in the countrys public and political life, and they remain vastly under-represented in categories of educational attainment and in civil service employment and political representation. Not only ordinary Filipinos should be provided by the state with opportunities to develop, but also and most important, those who belong to the marginalized sectors of society which include the indigenous peoples (IPs) whose condition seems so irreparable.Postma (1967), retr ieved from http//www. mangyan.org/content/buhid on celestial latitude 22, 2013, states that the Buhids are known as pot makers. Other Mangyan tribes, like the Alangan and Hanunuo, used to buy their cooking pots from the Buhids. The word Buhid literally means mountain dwellers. As stated by Litis (1989), retrieved from Mangyan website on December 22,2013, Buhid women go in woven black and white brassiers called linagmon and a black and white skirt called abol. Unmarried women wear body ornaments such as a weave nito belt (lufas), blue thread earrings, beaded headband (sangbaw), beaded bracelet (uksong), and beaded long necklace (siwayang or ugot).The men wear g-strings. To enhance body beauty, the men wear ornaments like a long beaded necklace, tight choker (ugot) and beaded bracelet (uksong). Both sexes use an accessory bag called bay-ong for personal things like foray and knife. Together with the Hanunuo, the Buhids in some areas possess a pre-Spanish syllabic writing system. Th e Buhid Mangyans live in the municipalities of Roxas, Bansud, Bongabong and some parts of Gloria and Mansalay in Oriental Mindoro, and in the municipalities of San Jose and Rizal in Occidental Mindoro.Mahusay (2008) said that financing educational and scholarship programs for Mangyan pupils as part of corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda improves their quality of life. The firms CSR program not only involves education but also includes other social development projects such as nutrition, health and sanitation, livelihood, infrastructure and other community- oriented programs. Pestano (2008) said that community relations activities which normally involve many poor Mangyans included in educational grants that help them pursue their dream, enhance behavior and value their culture and heritage. Felipe (2007) defined the ethnography and culture of the Alangan Mangyans in order to determine the extent of peace process and their level of indigenous sustainable development.The indig enous culture of the Mangyan Alangan was focused on the social, economic, political, and religious practices. The social practices were confined within the family in the esoken of the balaylakoy. The Mangyan also developed peace- making attitude in order to appease the spirit hovering over them. Failure to do so would mean disaster. They highly agreed on building structured democracy, interdependence, respect for the integrity of culture, respect for human rights and sharing of responsibilities as manifestation of peace process.Mallari (2007) asserted that Mangyans and other poor but deserving students in Oriental Mindoro receive educational support and take a mistreat toward a brighter future, thanks to the efforts of a mining company that has made it a policy to extend assistance to the impoverished communities where it operates. Not far from the experiences of the Philippines, other countries cosmopolitan recognize the socio-economic significance of formal education and trainin gs to achieve total human development. Indigenous Knowledge (IK).Cotter (2011) asserted that indigenous knowledge (IK) is the local knowledge people unique to a culture or society passed from generation to generation through a wide range of other activities that sustain societies in many parts of the world, particularly in formal education. Harper (2011) stated that indigenous peoples have a broad knowledge of how to live sustainably. However, formal education systems disrupt the practical everyday life aspects of indigenous knowledge and ways of learning, replacing them with abstract knowledge and academic ways of 8 / 17 learning. Today, there is a grave risk that much indigenous.

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher Essay Example for Free

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher EssayIn Chaucers section of the Canterbury Tales, The Pardoners Tale various literary elements occur. He displays soulification, and makes remainder a character, well-favored him life. He includes a moral to his tale which is avariciousness is the root of all evil(Bible) and gives the story meaning. Chaucers plot is another key part to the story, because it proved greed piece of ass bring evil. Chaucer wrote the Pardoners Tale with the theme greed is the root of all evil he was able to show this by using various literary elementsThe moral, greed is the root of all evil(Bible), is displayed through the greediness of the three characters. When the youngest leaves, his mind was able to devise an evil externalise caused by greed.His selfishness caused him to do the following, And deftly poured the poison into two. He kept the third one clean, as well he might, For his own drink, meaning to work all night(Chaucer 217-218). The y oungest was tempted by greed to commit an evil action. Chaucer wanted the seeer to realize money and greed are problems with society. They cause people to commit evil acts. Killing someone for money shows Chaucer wanted one to read this tale and recognize the problems of greed.The Characters are essential to this tale also. Chaucer displays death as a character giving him human traits and personifying him. This personification of death adds a smell of doom and gives a slight fright. Death adds these qualities because dying is like a journey to the unknown, and it naturally scares people to think about it. When Chaucer writes, There came a bum thief, they call him Death, Who kills us all round here(Chaucer 15-16) he attempts to add a sense of fear and terror by saying there is a person who goes around and kills everyone. It is far scarier then using death as a thing that happens instead of using death as a person. Chaucers personification of death improved the story by creating suspense, and terror.The plot of the story is the most important, and uses caustic remark to gives entertainment. The three men went looking for death, and find it to be a heap of gold. The chaff of this was that the characters ended up getting killed themselves and on their search for death they met their own death, which was the heap of gold. This ironic occurrence is almost comedic when all three men plan to kill one another and all three men succeed in doingthis. Chaucer writes Thus these two murderers received their due, so did the treacherous young poisoner too.(Chaucer 237-238). The irony here also criticizes greed in humans. It makes fun of the fact that greed really is the root of all evil. Chaucer created this irony for both entertainment and to make a point about greed.In conclusion Chaucer wrote his story with the theme greed is the root of all evil (Bible) and used the literary elements of plot, moral, and characters to achieve this. Chaucer struck fear and added susp ense when he personified death. Without personifying death Chaucers story would have been less exciting. Chaucer was ironic with his plot and those who were looking for death found it. This comedic addition also criticized humans and their aptness to be greedy. Chaucer was successful in creating a story which explained how greed is the root of all evil(Bible).Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ed. Larry D. Benson (Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2000).New Testament in Pauls first epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy 610).

Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye: Five Points of New Architecture

Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye Five Points of New ArchitectureDuring the 1920s, Le Corbusier was create his Five Points of New Architecture. The domestic construction I am focusing on is Villa Savoye which exemplifies these five points. http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpgHe believed that these architectural rules should be apply to the design of tout ensemble domestic buildings. I allow for relate the architectural innovations of Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye to the ideas of De Stijl Bauhaus.Le Corbusier was a Swiss Architect and a member of the cut Avante Garde movement who worked mainly in France. His work from the 1920s and 30s established a langu eld of architecture that has been copied by architects ever since. In his work he explored refreshing industrial materials such as concrete, steel and glass. He was influenced by Auguste Perrets culture as well as architectural substance abuse of reinforced concrete and worked for him among 1908 and 1909 that was where he learnt the principles of reinforced concrete construction. Other aspects of Le Corbusiers work consisted of town planning and social housing.His architecture reflected the clean cut aesthetic of the machine age which he lived in. As well as this, he was also concerned with the needs and potential of industrial society and with the harmonization of architecture with nature. His architecture in the 20s and 30s established a vocabulary of design which would be much imitated.The Villa Savoye is a private weekend home built in the 1928 (completed in 1931) for the Savoye family located on the summit of a small hill surrounded by trees just immaterial Paris. It is a building of complex geometry and undecorated white surfaces, which exemplifies the international demeanor as well as Le Corbusiers ideas of purism. It is one of the most recognizable architectural presentations of the modernist movement, which began in the 1880s but came to flourish in the early twentieth century . The exterior of the building is of a simple box shaped composition raised on stilts (pilotis). This is so that all of the main rooms are on the first appal allowing a roof terrace above these floors to provide views of the landscape.It is conceived to the highest degree like a 11 model with no prior or back. Beneath the Pilotis is a curved wall allowing cars to drive right up to the building which signifies the influences from the machine age, On three sides the soil floor almost disappears, but on the entrance side, the arrival and departure of cars is celebrated in a T-shape which is an effective sign of welcome. (Benton, 1987196). http//www.bluffton.edu/sullivanm/france/poissy/savoye/0126.jpgHe saw the fore coming brilliance of the car and this led to design of the plain faade the structure is set back from the faade which becomes simply a light membrane of insulating wall or window emancipately disposed according to the demands of the interior. Inside there is a masterl y handling of natural light through the use of ribbon windows. inhering light played an important role in the development of the Villa, Le Corbusier deployed the four sides of the house in response to the view and the orientation of the sun. The salle faced newton West occupying the whole faade. The terrace faced the sun with a sheltered portion at the south east end. (Benton, 1987195).The free plan of the building frees both(prenominal) walls and windows which can admit daylight into continuous bands without structural obstructions. Interior space flows into exterior the terrace is on two levels and on one side of the faade the ribbon windows are replaced by unglazed frames that look into the open terrace area.In order to move around the building, a ramp ascending from the ground floor was placed in the structure, as Le Corbusier believed that while a staircase separates one level from another, a ramp links them together. The ramp and floor planes interact with the spiral stairca ses and curved wall at ground level.Although the structure is rather boxy in appearance, energy and movement is suggested by the handrails and edgings which lead the visitant on. Le Corbusier called this an architectural promenade this is a flow of space where one room leads through to another creating a sense of continuity, further facilitated through the use of the ramp.Natural light is used to draw the occupant up the ramp and onto the roof garden. This is one of Le Corbusiers five points which is created through the use of a categoric reinforced concrete slab. The terrace featured a solarium the wall of the solarium has a window cut in the middle of it which frames the outside view. Le Corbusier wanted to harmonize the building and its landscape. The idea was to unite the building and its surrounding landscape and make greenery a vital part of the architecture language. Seen from the outside it looks more like the funnel of an ocean liner. (Chami, 2007).The influences for this building are grounded in the modernist movement with Adolf Loos beliefs as foundations for the movement. In his book Ornament and Crime he explained his ideas on the use of ornamentation and the immorality that ties with it. He called for simple, pure, geometrical and unadorned design which stays true to the materials and finish of the structures built (notions of Brutalism).Le Corbusier designed the fixtures such as door handles and built in furniture. Painted interior walls added colour, as did elements like the blue tiled chaise longue that separates the main bedroom from its bathroom.Despite the formal ravisher of the Villa Savoye, its flat roof construction was not well suited to the climate and leaked badly. The owners were displeased and soon abandoned it.The French Avante Garde consisted of the three architects Le Corbusier, Auguste Perret and Tony Garnier all of which contributed to the development of modernist architecture. Perret was one of the main figures of the develo pment and architectural use of reinforced or ferro concrete, a material which transformed the language of architecture in the works of Le Corbusier as catch outn in the Villa Savoye. Due to its tensile strength it enabled architects to build strong structures without the need for load bearing walls, it allowed for architectural flexibility which Le Corbusier took full value of as seen in the free flowing faade.The De Stijl and Bauhaus movements in Holland and Germany were both important for the development of the modernist style, rejecting ornaments and historical references and were in favor of clean pure light fill rectilinear architecture which included interior spaces constructed with new industrial materials, all of these aspects are featured in Le Corbusiers designs and in specific the Villa Savoye. A get a line example of De Stijl architecture is the Schroder house by Gerrit Rietveld. Similar to the Villa Savoye, it featured a flat concrete slab roof, a dynamic rectilinea r faade and a free flowing interior which was sectioned off with screens.Much like in De Stijl style paintings, its architecture is reminiscent of painted abstract environment, in which pure colour, free of all figurative associations, was merged with modern architecture to form an encompassing, total work of art. (Troy 19833).The Bauhaus building was designed by Walter Gropius and was the base for the Bauhaus school of Art Design. The building exemplified Gropius mastery in building with steel and glass to produce light filled functional structures The clarity of the design idea finds expression above all in the large area of glass frontage () The clear, practical arrangement of the windows and balconies gives the building its own special appearance. (Fiedler Feierbend, 2006195).Much like Le Corbusier, Gropius built with practicality and moderateness in mind. His commitment to the machine age in which he was working was summed up in his belief that new times demand their own exp ression. still there was much deliberation on the origins of the design invention for the Bauhaus building The accusation of formalism was also heard, and there were malicious references to a design concept virtually borrowed from Le Corbusier. (Fiedler Feierbend, 2006198). This can best be seen through aerial photographs of the Bauhaus building where the interlinking of various functional areas can be easily seen. This particular aspect is what Le Corbusier named the Architectural Promenade, a continuity of space.The Villa Savoye is a key structure which exemplified the International Style. Its features were imitated by several architects in different styles. It is easy see the similarities in the buildings of the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements, features like a flat concrete slab roof, interlinking spaces and rectilinear faade appear in all styles but are most potently represented in the Villa Savoye. The use of white on walls is another significant aspect of the modernist style also seen in a range of different examples from this diaphragm of time.The Villa is full of rich ideas which have and will continue to be imitated in the future. It might now stand as an artifact or museum, but it will still inspire Architects worldwide and will continue to do so in the future.

The Cobb Douglas Function

The Cobb Douglas FunctionThis chapter will discuss the opined techniques theories and the equation, it is include the unit of measurement root hear and Autoregressive Distri besidesed incarce grade (ARDL) Bounds trial. And the data sources also discuss in this dower.3.1 Endogenous suppuration theory and modelingIn the economic condition, the Cobb-Douglas placeal reach of exertion licks is unremarkably use to represent the relationship of an output to introduces. It was predictable by Knut Wicksell (1851-1926) and psychometric adjudicateed against statistical evidence by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in the years of 1900-1928. The turnout serve well is shown as downstairsY = ALK, (1)Where the symbol of transformation for the Cobb-Douglas function is= Total production (the monetary apprise of all goods produced in a year)= sweat input= Capital input= Total productivity cropThe and atomic number 18 the output elasticity of labor and big(p) simultaneously. These values are unending de statusined by available technology.For output eleasticity the receptiveness of output to a change in takes of devil(prenominal) labor and great(p) use in production in the condition of ceteris paribus. Such as if =0.20, it will show that the 1% plus in labor will lead to a 0.2% adjoin in output. + = 1,These function indicate that the constant return to scale in production function. That means if L and K are each enlarge 30%, Y will change magnitude in 30% too.If the return to scale are decreasing and return to scale are increasing, this will be show as belowExpect it on the perfect competition, the and so-and-so be indicate to be the both labor and slap-up share of output.The Cobb-Douglas function are influnced by statistical evidence that come into sight to show that labor and capital shares of innate output are constant over clipping in true countries, the researchers clarified this by statistical change courseting least squares relapsin g in their production function. It is show that having doubt over whether constancy over time exists. further according to Yao and Wei (2007), by dint of joint ventures local satisfyings keep been able to imitate unconnected technologies and started to produce their own models or supply parts to foreign industries. there is no doubt that FDI has not altogether helped improve the production efficiency of house servant firms but also helped to push Koreas production bourne towards the worlds roughly in advance(p) trains. Assume that there are two countries in the world one is an industrialized economy A and the other(a) is a newly industrializing economy (B) and both countries will follow a Cobb-Douglas production technology(2)Where Y, K, L are respectively to GDP, capital and labor, j and t foretell inelegant (A, B) and time. And g(z) is a function of various factors affecting production efficiency and the production frontier, including trades, human capital, FDI, in stitutions and others. As country A is richer and has a higher K/L ratio than country B, country A tends to make trustments in B in severalize to maximize returns to capital, as long as YBt /KBt YAt /KAt holds true.According to Yao and Wei (2007), in this two-country perspective, both countries should have mutual benefits for cross-border movement of capital to take place. The benefit for A is that it can maximize returns to its capital and has access to Bs market. The benefit for B is that it can have access to As technology and improve per capita income so that the income gap between A and B declines over time. Another assumption is that both countries invest in science and technology to create seeledge and innovation. However, because A has better endowments in both physical and human capital, it is more than able to innovate and because produce a higher take of output given the same level of inputs in comparison with B. The only way for B to decrease this technological gap is through importation of As technology embedded through FDI.But again from according Yao and Wei (2007) that the role of FDI can recommend by their two propositions. Firstly, they given the same steady state of Bs technology, FDI can improve Bs production efficiency because foreign invested firms are front menstruateners in the sufferance of GPTs because of their superior human capital, management and organizational structure. Domestic firms can be trained from foreign invested firms through learning by watching. They also have incentives to beseem more proficient and competitive because they fear losing out to foreign invested firms.The moving effect of FDI on production efficiency of B can be illustrated in Figure 1. Production frontier of A and B, denotes the production frontier of B. At a steady state when input is fixed at X0, the unfeigned level of domestic production is Yd0 without the effect of FDI. If FDI has a exacting impact on production efficiency at this stea dy state, or YB/FDIB 0, the actual level of production will rise to Yf 0. The net moving effect of FDI on country Bs production is (Yf 0 Yd0). Second proposition examine that FDI is a shifter of the domestic production frontier. If FDI does not have a switch effect, the maximum output of B can never go above PFB. If FDI has a shifting effect, country Bs maximum potential output can be as high as those located on PFA, which is the production frontier of A. (Cobb-Douglas. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas)Figure 3.1 Production Frontier of A and B and the role of FDI in B.Y PFAYftPFBYdtYf0Yd00 X0 X1XFor example, without a shifting effect, the actual level of production may move from Yf 0 at the initial steady state to Ydt at the new steady state with a new input mix Xt. The maximum possible output of B at the new level of input will be on PFB or below. If FDI has a shifting effect, the actual level of output can go above PFB, with a maximum potential output to be on PFA. In Fig. 1, if the new actual output is Yf t , which is situated between the two frontiers, it means that the production frontier of B has been shifted towards PFA from PFB. This positive shifting effect can be evince as YB/FDI = f (t)0, implying that the marginal product of FDI is an increasing function of time (Yao and Wei, 2007).According to Yao and Wei (2007) indicate that with Propositions 1 and 2, country Bs production function can be rewritten as(3)And FDI is part of the multiplier ABt along with a set of other variables Z1 which can also improve production efficiency. Besides, FDI enters the residual term to be a shifter of the production frontier along with other variables, including a time trend t , which captures the Hicks neutral technological progress in B in the absence of FDI or foreign technologies, t * FDI captures the additional technological progress that is attributed only to FDI. The join effect of FDI on economic increase in country B can be expressed as(4)The initiatory part on the right-hand side of (4) measures the moving effect, and the second part the shifting effect of FDI on YB. If both effect are positive and world-shattering, the above two propositions hold true.While the traditional growth theory considered only two factors of production, namely capital and labor, this new growth theory adds a third, technology. Endogenous growth theory or new growth theory focuses on the wider concept of technology, which is expressed through ideas, instead of objects or products. It necessitates a different set of institutional arrangements, like pricing systems, taxation or incentives to ensure the streamlined allocation of ideas. These types of models are sometimes called Schumpeterian models because Schumpeter emphasized the importance of temporary monopolistic power over discoveries, as a motivating force for continued innovative process.A great deal of evidence has been produced in recen t years casting doubt on endogenous growth theory. Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) argue that the neoclassical growth model of Solow and Swan with exogenous technological progress and diminishing returns to capital, explains most of the cross-country variation in output per person. The Schumpeterian variant of endogenous growth theory that emphasizes technological progress, innovation and RD has come under particularly heavy fire.Endogenous growth models attempt to explain a greater proportion of observed growth as well as why different countries experience different growth rates. They generally use the neoclassical model but allow the production function to exhibit increasing returns to scale, focus on externalities and assume that technological change, although authoritative, is not necessary to explain long-run growth. In 1986, paper of Romer ignores physical capital and only considers knowledge but a general form of his model can be written asY = A(R) F (Rj, Kj, Lj) (5)Where R j, K j and L j are, respectively, stocktaking results from research and development expenditure by firm j, physical capital of firm j and labor of firm j R is the aggregate stock of knowledge. Any private research effort will have a spillover effect for the public stock of knowledge A(R). This type of model can explain why countries experience different growth rates. A country with an initial higher level of K experiences a higher rate of growth of K leading to a higher rate of growth of per capita income because such a country is more experienced through learning by doing. This is an external effect that prevents diminishing returns.3.2 amaze specificationThe previous empirical studies have proved that GDP can be resolved by the following variables labor and capital as basic physical inputs export, FDI and foreign exchange rate policy as variables of openness. The following model regression will include all these variables.(6)Where t (t = 1976, , 2008) denote year t, k and l capit al stock (Gross fixed capital accumulation) and total labor force, fdi = FDI inflow, exp = total export and exc = literal exchange rate. Lastly, the Y is the Gross domestic product in economic growth and the is error term.Data for GDP are porcine domestic product and capital is calibrated below based on investment in fixed assets. All the variables are calculated in 2000 constant prices. GDP is derived from real GDP annual indexes by province. Labor is total labor force in each province. FDI is actually used FDI inflows. Export is the total value of exports.The description of FDI in the production model needs careful reflection. Because capital stock is the accumulation of fixed asset investment, which includes both domestic and foreign investments, the production function would be mis-specified if FDI, either measured as a flow or stock, were added as another explanatory variable along with capital stock. In the previous literature, export and exchange rate also has been found to be relevant variables in the production function. Like FDI, export is defined as total FDI inflows and total export in Korea therefore can effect to output.The values of exports and FDI are provided in US dollars (USD) in the official statistics. Since they are measured in US dollars, most economic analysts do not bother to deflate the values in current prices into values in constant prices (e.g. Liu et al., 1997 Liu, 2000). It is important to conduct an appropriate deflation. One relevant deflator is the US consumer price index. The values of trade and FDI in nominal dollars are deflated by this index. Since all the other variables in the model are measured in KRW100, it is useful to change these two variables in KRW as well.Exchange rate is real exchange rate, which is time-variant but location-invariant as all the provinces faced the same foreign exchange rate. Beside this, real exchange rate should be derived from the exchange rates and price indexes of Koreas main affair pa rtners. However, since KRW follows the US dollar very closely, albeit not pegged to the dollar, only the dollar exchange rate and the US price index are used to calculate the real exchange rate. Real exchange rate is expected to have a positive sign influence on economic growth because it represents Chinas competitiveness in international trade and the extent of market liberalization in the foreign exchange market from Yao and Zhang (2001). The expectation result for the variable of capital stock, labor, human capital, FDI, export and real exchange rate are expect getting the significant and positive relationship to economic growth.3.3 Empirical methodology3.3.1 Unit root dischargeA unit root exam is vital in observing the stationery of time series data. It is main to estimate about the variables observed have a tendency to return to the long term trend follow a shock (stationery) or the variables follow a random walk which containing a unit root. If the variables follow a random walk after a temporary or permanent shock, the regression between variables is spurious (Amiruddin, Nor and Ismail 2007). According to the Grauss-Markovs theorem, in such cases, the series do not have a finite variance. Hence the OLS will not produce lucid parameter estimates.A unmoving series is one whose basic properties, for example it mean and its variance, do not change it over time. In contrast, a non-stationary series has one or more basic properties that do change over time. If the time series variable is stationery,i) The mean of is constant over timeii) The variance of is constant over timeiii) The simple correlation coefficient between and depends on the length of the lag (k) but on no other variable (for all k).The unit root mental testing can separate into 2 test, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test. This will test for level (original series), first differences and second differences (changes). If stationary at level, therefore t he series are integrated of order zero, I(0) and if stationary at first differences and second differences, the series are integrated of order one and two, I(1) and I(2) respectively.The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic and Phillips-Perron test statistic to estimate the stationary for the variables. The results are and the hypothesis will indicate as belowHypothesisHo No stationaryHa stationaryHence, p-value should venial tahan 0.05, then rejected Ho, that is stationary, if failure to reject Ho, that means no stationary.3.3.2 Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-Bound testThe Bound Testing Method can use to estimate the small size sample data in between 30 observations. Therefore, one of the conditions is the dependent variables must be in I(1) and the dependent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1), but not the I(2). For example Y=a+b1X1+b2X2+b3X3+e. The variable Y must stationary at order one or I(1) and the X1,X2 and X3 can be in I(0) or I(1) or mixed. For the simplicit y, the Bound testing can be shown as(7)The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) was used to establish co-integration relationships among the variables. And it can use to overcome the stationary problem in the time-series regression. The advantage of the ARDL method is it can be applied to the model whether the independent variables are stationary at I (0) or I (1). The dependent variable must stationary in I (1). As a result, a combat-ready model known as the Autoregressive Distributed lag model (ARDL) will be estimated and can be written as(8)This equation shows that output growth is effects by values of explanatory variables as well as the lagged dependent and explanatory variables. The holdary test used the conventional F-test compare to the critical value to detect the presence of co-integrating relationship. The critical value is base on the Narayan (2005) table of critical values for the bounds test case III Unrestricted intercept and no trend. If the F-test is higher than the upper bound critical value, the hypothesis of no-co-integration is rejected. Beside this, if an F-statistic is lower than the lower bound critical value implies that the absences of the co-integration. If the F-statistic is in between the lower bound and upper bound, there is no clear indication of the absence or existence of co-integration relationship.Using Wald test to investigate the joint hypothesis is,HoHaThe conclusion for the hypothesis can be separate to three part, that isi) If the Wald F-statistic fall above the upper critical value- cointegration exists.ii) If the Wald F-statistic falls down between the lower bound and upper bound critical value- inconclusive.iii) If the Wald F-statistic falls below the lower bound critical value-no cointegration exists.Furthermore, an flaw Correlation Model (ECM) also use with the Bound test, the form is(9)Where, 1-L is the difference operator f(yt,xt)trend trend term long run multiplierTh erefore, from the ARDL model, we can use the Bewleys (1979) regression approach to obtain the long run model.(i=1,2,,k) (10)Where, and , i= 1,2,, k are the selected (estimated) values of and , i=1,2,..,k.However, the short run dynamic model is estimated base on the Unrestricted Error Correction Model (UECM) model.(11)Where electroshock represents as a long run steady point or partial try-on term as below(12)And using the Wald test to work the long run elasticities and it standard error is1-Sum of the dependent coefficients= Sum of the independent coefficients (13)3.4 DataThe secondary data set consists of the annually data of the Korea economy for the period of 1976 to 2008 obtained from World Bank database, UC Atlas of Global Inequality, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistic (IFS), Korea National Statistical and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Since the ultimate goal is to perform regression analysis with the data expre ssed in natural logarithms, it may instead wish to break away with the log and proxy for variable as belowCHAPTER 4REGRESSION RESULTS4.0 IntroductionAugmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL).4.1 Unit root testIn this study, two stationary tests on individual stochastic trend are conducted, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) tests which have been used frequently I time series data. The value of ADF t-statistic and PP z-statistic will be compared to the critical value given by MacKinnon (1991). The time series under consideration should be integrated in the same order before we can proceed to cointegration analysis and causality test. The result can be show as below4.1.1 Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test base on the result as below Table 4.1.1, it show that result for Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. I n the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference. Therefore, all series are I(1) process.VariableLevelFirst Differences uninterrupted with trendsConstant without trendsConstant with trendsConstant without trendst-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valueEconomic growth (y)-2.070027(0)0.54212.327602(0)0.9999-5.756136*(0)0.0003-4.782721*(0)0.0006Capital stock (k)-1.911924(0)0.6251-0.546014(0)0.8689-4.515321*(1)0.0060-4.361648*(0)0.0017Labor force (l)-0.459604(0)0.9804-1.009485(0)0.6241-4.564489*(0)0.0051-4.425029*(0)0.0014FDI (fdi)-4.190134(1)0.0125-1.009485(3)0.7363-2.892944*(8)0.1825-6.300895*(2)0.0000Export (exp)2.708182(0)1.00005.784347(0)1.0000-3.567930*(0)0.0495-2.184710(0)0.2155Real exchang e rate (exc)-2.246001(0)0.4496-1.594207(0)0.4739-5.035710*(0)0.0016-5.101766*(0)0.0002Table 4.1.1 Result Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) testCriteria Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC)VariableLevelFirst DifferencesConstant with trendsConstant without trendsConstant with trendsConstant without trendst-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valueEconomic growth (y)-2.815698(18)0.20233.136859(7)1.0000-6.399643*(11)0.0000-4.778071*(1)0.0006Capital stock (k)-2.096298(2)0.5282-0.519748(5)0.8745-4.100869*(7)0.0153-4.204347*(7)0.0026Labor force (l)-0.631981(1)0.9699-1.228256(1)0.6498-4.564489*(0)0.0051-4.423468*(1)0.0014FDI (fdi)-1.392163(31)0.8440-1.577055(31)0.4824-4.828185*(12)0.0027-5.032975*(13)0.0003Export (exp)4.407935(8)1.00006.050077(5)1.0000-3.555909*(1)0.0507-2.042327(1)0.2683Real exchange rate (exc)-2.374756(1)0.3848-1.615847(1)0.4631-4.981815*(3)0.0018-5.068019*(2)0.0003Note The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. * debate that 5% at significant level.Table 4.1.2 Result Phillips-Perron (PP) testCriteria Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC)Note The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. *Indicate that 5% at significant level.4.1.2 Phillips-Perron (PP) testBased on the result as above Table 4.1.2, it show that result for Phillips-Perron (PP) test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. In the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference from the result of PP test. Therefore, all variables are integrated of order I(1).4.2 Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) testThe conditi on of the bound testing is the dependent variable must be in I(1) and the independent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1). The y is I(1) and the independent variable is mixed in I(0) and I(1)., the estimation of co-integration can be done by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The Bound test technique is applied to examine the long run relationship between the exchange rate and its determinants. The result of the estimated ARDL model for Malaysia is reported as Table 4.2. The goodness of fit of the model (adjusted R-squared (Adjusted-R2)) and the standard error of regression are higher.Based on the table 4.2, includes the symptomatic tests used to confirm the validity of the model. These several important diagnostic test has been carry out in order to strengthen the accuracy of the results. The result of the diagnostic test indicated that the residual of the model is normally distributed. Beside this, there are no heteroskedasticitity and no serial correlation. Howe ver, the model successes to pass the Ramsey RESET test. Since all the hazard is larger than 0.05 (5%) significant level. Thus, hypothesis failed to reject the Ho, hence there are absence of those problem in the model carried out.Note The critical values are cited from Narayan(2005).(Table case III Unrestricted intercept and no trendpg1988). *,**and *** denote significant at 10%,5% and 1% significance level, respectively.Based on the Table 4.3, the results of bound cointegration test obviously demonstrated that the null hypothesis is, against the choice hypothesis is easily rejected at 1% significant level. The model shows that the determinant variables are strongly cointegrated with economic growth in Korea. The result showed that the F-statistic compute by Wald test is highly significant at 1% significance level. The F-statistic is 8.742069, which is greater than the upper critical bound value of 6.040, so it is showed that cointegration exists. Hence, based on the test result, th ere exist cointegration or long run relationship among the economic growth, capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate.(14)Based on the Table 4.4 reported the long run elasticity between the variables use the ARDL test. The expected sign of the variables are indicate in this table and the estimated coefficient for capital stock (k) is positive 0.764333 and has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase in the capital stock by 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the staring(a) domestic product (GDP) will increase 0.764333 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error is 1.594101 and probability 0.6359 is the p-value in the model.For the labor force (l), the estimated coefficient is positive sign, it is 25318.75 and which is consistent with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when 1 unit labor force increase, the GDP will increase 25318.75 US Dollar (US$). The probability is 0.4858 and standard error is 35765.61.In additio n, the foreign direct investment (fdi) in estimated coefficient is positive 5.627353 and same with the expected sign. This indicate that when increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in the foreign direct investment, the GDP will increase 5.627353 billion US Dollar (US$). The p-value is 0.4313 and standard error is 7.032203.The estimated coefficient for export (exp) is positive 0.798721, it has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in export, the GDP will increase 0.798721 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error for export is 0.204665 and the probability is 0.0007.In the case of real exchange rate (exc), the estimated coefficient is positive 173672187.2 and is similar with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when real exchange rate increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100 (KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will leads to increase in 173672187.2 US Dollar (US$). The p-value for real exchange rate is 0.1910 and standard error is 1. 29E+18.4.5 The Error Correction Model (ECM) testThe result of the Error Correction Model is reported at Table 4.6 and the Error Correction Term (ECT) is shows as below(15)So, the ECT equation will be generated into short run dynamic model.Based on the Table 4.5, the error correction term (ECT) is -0.090218. This implies that speed of adjustment to the long run stability is very slow which is 0.09. It is negative sign and rapid adjustment from a short term imbalance. The negative sign of the ECT means when there is a short run shocks occur, the gap is closed towards the adjustment process to the long run stability. This implies that the imbalance of output growth in the short run maybe adjusted with error corrections that resume the long term equilibrium. Approximately a high percentage of 89.7% of the gross domestic product can be clarify by the capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate selected.Furthermore, the variable of capital stock (k) is s ignificantly influence the gross domestic product (GDP/y) in the short run. The capital stock represents the gross fixed capital formation to be the most important factor that influences the gross domestic product in Korea. The capital stock, labor (l), foreign direct investment (fdi), export (exp) and real exchange rate (exc) is statistically positive influence in the current year of gross domestic product. As mentioned in literature review, this all explanatory variables should be elastic, portrays a positive sign and is should be a statistically variable in most of the research.In the short run, capital stock is statistically significant and positive sign to the gross domestic product for Korea. When capital stock is increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will attracts approximately increase 1.249795 billion US Dollar (US$). Beside this, when the labor is increase 1 unit labor force, the gross domestic product will increase 2308.908 US Dollar (US$). And if the foreign direct investment increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will increase 0.508124 billion US Dollar (US$). If export increase in 1 billion US Dollar (US$), gross domestic product will increase 0.072330 billion US Dollar (US$). Lastly, when the real exchange rate is increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100(KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will increase in 15708616 US Dollar (US$).

Infomercials And Other Dishonest Commercials Essay -- essays research

Infomercials and Other Dishonest CommercialsThe other night I was sitting in front of the television watching a new-fanglednight show, when a commercial break came on, I instinctively clicked on theremote to flip by dint of the channels to see what else was on. As I surfed throughthe channels I came across dozens of info-mercials, a commercial for shootting acollege degree at home, and a few mental hotline advertisements. I stopclicking the remote after a while to see what the commercials were selling, andto see how cheep the products were. There were advertisements for how to adhere abetter body, the "fountain of spring chicken" make-up, and the charcoal-less grill. It is horrendous what they stand by under ones skin up with nowadays. As I continued surfing I came acrossSally Struthers trying to sell an "earn your college degree at home" commercial,honestly, how darling can that kind of degree be? Then as I kept flipping, I cameacross the "psychic netwo rk of friends" advertisement, on the dot as they were offer a "free psychic reading to first time callers" all that was requiredwas that a certain 1-800 number be dialed and a person could get a reading.Then to show that the reading was accurate, they had people come on and say thattheir experience with the psychic was "life changing," and that "it was so realthe psychic knew everything." It is amazing what people will fall for in thisday and age.     Info-mercials ar basically half hour commercials that attempt to sellproducts to watchers. The products that most info-mercials offer are things thatare said to "improve someones life" but in most cases the products are rip-offsand are an easy way for the manufacturers to make money. Some of the productsinclude the "AB-flex," a simple(a) rocking seat that is supposed to hold thisunearthly power to flatten a persons stomach. The "AB-flex" guarantees to "makei t easier to develop stomach muscles, without the assistance of any othermachine, in just thirty days" they also claim that "this piece of equipment canmake you feel younger and give you more energy." There is also an info-mercialfor "the fountain of youth" make-up, the make-up is said to make skin appearyounger than it actually is this product plays off the idea of women hating togr... ...s reliant on"their own personal psychic" for information about their future life, there isalmost no turning back. These hotlines, I have to admit, are a really good moneymaker. Who would not want to know what is going to happen to themselves in thefuture? It would tempt even the most rational person to call up the number toget a glimpse into their future.     The world is not longer filled with honest people. All that people areout for nowadays is money, and they will do anything to get it, even if it meanslying, deceiving, and bribing people into th ings They will stop at nothing.Salespeople reason this by that if the people that are watching are gullibleenough to get or call, then they deserve to be ripped-off. Honesty in sales nolonger exists, it has been replaced by lying and cheating. Consumers are nolonger expert from these deceivers, instead they must arm themselves withknowledge and common-sense. For some people this may be a challenge, they havealready been drawn into the trap of these liars, and it is difficult for them to scheme the trap, but if we are to survive in this new world of dishonest people,then we must be armed.

Marketing External Environments :: essays research papers

Im not sure if I am winning the right definition of external environments in my answer, but I willing talk active them in the way I have learned about them before. There be always a number of external factors that affect customers, and if a marketing team is good they will gather in all of them into consideration.Demographics defined as The characteristics of human populations and population segments, especially when used to identify consumer markets. I think this is one of the most important factors to look at because in take into account many things about the population including, but not limited toRaceGenderAverage IncomeLocationPopulationThis makes a huge distinction in marketing because marketing to middle aged Hispanic females may quest a totally different campaign then elderly black-and-blue males, although they may both be interested in the product. This is generally used in the initial stages of planning to decide if a certain area will even be profitable to market in.Political Factors Depending on the political group of the area there may be bans on certain advertize or activities. Certain businesses may be supported more by specific political groups. For example a gun shop may collapse in a more democratic area but be a huge success in a primary republican area. You could examine say, Texas and Massachusetts. In Republican Texas the gun ownership percentage is untold, much higher then in Democratic Massachusetts.Economic Factors This includes things like interest rates, exchange rates, brass policies on taxation and spending, among opposite things. One of the most common examples of this is car dealerships advertising Lowest Interest Rates Ever It may be much more successful to push a product more when interest rates are lower, and more appealing to consumers.Technological Factors The technological world is booming, products are moving from Version 1.5 to Version 6.7 in a matter of months. With so much new technology being introduced its important to remain user friendly, cost conscious, and efficient. Competitors This one is huge. Companies and consumers alike need to be aware of the competing business in the area. Cost conscious consumers will look in flyers to see if oversize Y or Stop and Shop has cheaper grapes, and the businesses need to be aware of this so they can appeal to the customer in a way the other business is not. If there are competing businesses in a specific area, you will RARELY see one advertise and the other abstain, for the simple fact that you need to do everything your competitor is doing and then some.