Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher Essay Example for Free

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher EssayIn Chaucers section of the Canterbury Tales, The Pardoners Tale various literary elements occur. He displays soulification, and makes remainder a character, well-favored him life. He includes a moral to his tale which is avariciousness is the root of all evil(Bible) and gives the story meaning. Chaucers plot is another key part to the story, because it proved greed piece of ass bring evil. Chaucer wrote the Pardoners Tale with the theme greed is the root of all evil he was able to show this by using various literary elementsThe moral, greed is the root of all evil(Bible), is displayed through the greediness of the three characters. When the youngest leaves, his mind was able to devise an evil externalise caused by greed.His selfishness caused him to do the following, And deftly poured the poison into two. He kept the third one clean, as well he might, For his own drink, meaning to work all night(Chaucer 217-218). The y oungest was tempted by greed to commit an evil action. Chaucer wanted the seeer to realize money and greed are problems with society. They cause people to commit evil acts. Killing someone for money shows Chaucer wanted one to read this tale and recognize the problems of greed.The Characters are essential to this tale also. Chaucer displays death as a character giving him human traits and personifying him. This personification of death adds a smell of doom and gives a slight fright. Death adds these qualities because dying is like a journey to the unknown, and it naturally scares people to think about it. When Chaucer writes, There came a bum thief, they call him Death, Who kills us all round here(Chaucer 15-16) he attempts to add a sense of fear and terror by saying there is a person who goes around and kills everyone. It is far scarier then using death as a thing that happens instead of using death as a person. Chaucers personification of death improved the story by creating suspense, and terror.The plot of the story is the most important, and uses caustic remark to gives entertainment. The three men went looking for death, and find it to be a heap of gold. The chaff of this was that the characters ended up getting killed themselves and on their search for death they met their own death, which was the heap of gold. This ironic occurrence is almost comedic when all three men plan to kill one another and all three men succeed in doingthis. Chaucer writes Thus these two murderers received their due, so did the treacherous young poisoner too.(Chaucer 237-238). The irony here also criticizes greed in humans. It makes fun of the fact that greed really is the root of all evil. Chaucer created this irony for both entertainment and to make a point about greed.In conclusion Chaucer wrote his story with the theme greed is the root of all evil (Bible) and used the literary elements of plot, moral, and characters to achieve this. Chaucer struck fear and added susp ense when he personified death. Without personifying death Chaucers story would have been less exciting. Chaucer was ironic with his plot and those who were looking for death found it. This comedic addition also criticized humans and their aptness to be greedy. Chaucer was successful in creating a story which explained how greed is the root of all evil(Bible).Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ed. Larry D. Benson (Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2000).New Testament in Pauls first epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy 610).

Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye: Five Points of New Architecture

Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye Five Points of New ArchitectureDuring the 1920s, Le Corbusier was create his Five Points of New Architecture. The domestic construction I am focusing on is Villa Savoye which exemplifies these five points. http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpgHe believed that these architectural rules should be apply to the design of tout ensemble domestic buildings. I allow for relate the architectural innovations of Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye to the ideas of De Stijl Bauhaus.Le Corbusier was a Swiss Architect and a member of the cut Avante Garde movement who worked mainly in France. His work from the 1920s and 30s established a langu eld of architecture that has been copied by architects ever since. In his work he explored refreshing industrial materials such as concrete, steel and glass. He was influenced by Auguste Perrets culture as well as architectural substance abuse of reinforced concrete and worked for him among 1908 and 1909 that was where he learnt the principles of reinforced concrete construction. Other aspects of Le Corbusiers work consisted of town planning and social housing.His architecture reflected the clean cut aesthetic of the machine age which he lived in. As well as this, he was also concerned with the needs and potential of industrial society and with the harmonization of architecture with nature. His architecture in the 20s and 30s established a vocabulary of design which would be much imitated.The Villa Savoye is a private weekend home built in the 1928 (completed in 1931) for the Savoye family located on the summit of a small hill surrounded by trees just immaterial Paris. It is a building of complex geometry and undecorated white surfaces, which exemplifies the international demeanor as well as Le Corbusiers ideas of purism. It is one of the most recognizable architectural presentations of the modernist movement, which began in the 1880s but came to flourish in the early twentieth century . The exterior of the building is of a simple box shaped composition raised on stilts (pilotis). This is so that all of the main rooms are on the first appal allowing a roof terrace above these floors to provide views of the landscape.It is conceived to the highest degree like a 11 model with no prior or back. Beneath the Pilotis is a curved wall allowing cars to drive right up to the building which signifies the influences from the machine age, On three sides the soil floor almost disappears, but on the entrance side, the arrival and departure of cars is celebrated in a T-shape which is an effective sign of welcome. (Benton, 1987196). http//www.bluffton.edu/sullivanm/france/poissy/savoye/0126.jpgHe saw the fore coming brilliance of the car and this led to design of the plain faade the structure is set back from the faade which becomes simply a light membrane of insulating wall or window emancipately disposed according to the demands of the interior. Inside there is a masterl y handling of natural light through the use of ribbon windows. inhering light played an important role in the development of the Villa, Le Corbusier deployed the four sides of the house in response to the view and the orientation of the sun. The salle faced newton West occupying the whole faade. The terrace faced the sun with a sheltered portion at the south east end. (Benton, 1987195).The free plan of the building frees both(prenominal) walls and windows which can admit daylight into continuous bands without structural obstructions. Interior space flows into exterior the terrace is on two levels and on one side of the faade the ribbon windows are replaced by unglazed frames that look into the open terrace area.In order to move around the building, a ramp ascending from the ground floor was placed in the structure, as Le Corbusier believed that while a staircase separates one level from another, a ramp links them together. The ramp and floor planes interact with the spiral stairca ses and curved wall at ground level.Although the structure is rather boxy in appearance, energy and movement is suggested by the handrails and edgings which lead the visitant on. Le Corbusier called this an architectural promenade this is a flow of space where one room leads through to another creating a sense of continuity, further facilitated through the use of the ramp.Natural light is used to draw the occupant up the ramp and onto the roof garden. This is one of Le Corbusiers five points which is created through the use of a categoric reinforced concrete slab. The terrace featured a solarium the wall of the solarium has a window cut in the middle of it which frames the outside view. Le Corbusier wanted to harmonize the building and its landscape. The idea was to unite the building and its surrounding landscape and make greenery a vital part of the architecture language. Seen from the outside it looks more like the funnel of an ocean liner. (Chami, 2007).The influences for this building are grounded in the modernist movement with Adolf Loos beliefs as foundations for the movement. In his book Ornament and Crime he explained his ideas on the use of ornamentation and the immorality that ties with it. He called for simple, pure, geometrical and unadorned design which stays true to the materials and finish of the structures built (notions of Brutalism).Le Corbusier designed the fixtures such as door handles and built in furniture. Painted interior walls added colour, as did elements like the blue tiled chaise longue that separates the main bedroom from its bathroom.Despite the formal ravisher of the Villa Savoye, its flat roof construction was not well suited to the climate and leaked badly. The owners were displeased and soon abandoned it.The French Avante Garde consisted of the three architects Le Corbusier, Auguste Perret and Tony Garnier all of which contributed to the development of modernist architecture. Perret was one of the main figures of the develo pment and architectural use of reinforced or ferro concrete, a material which transformed the language of architecture in the works of Le Corbusier as catch outn in the Villa Savoye. Due to its tensile strength it enabled architects to build strong structures without the need for load bearing walls, it allowed for architectural flexibility which Le Corbusier took full value of as seen in the free flowing faade.The De Stijl and Bauhaus movements in Holland and Germany were both important for the development of the modernist style, rejecting ornaments and historical references and were in favor of clean pure light fill rectilinear architecture which included interior spaces constructed with new industrial materials, all of these aspects are featured in Le Corbusiers designs and in specific the Villa Savoye. A get a line example of De Stijl architecture is the Schroder house by Gerrit Rietveld. Similar to the Villa Savoye, it featured a flat concrete slab roof, a dynamic rectilinea r faade and a free flowing interior which was sectioned off with screens.Much like in De Stijl style paintings, its architecture is reminiscent of painted abstract environment, in which pure colour, free of all figurative associations, was merged with modern architecture to form an encompassing, total work of art. (Troy 19833).The Bauhaus building was designed by Walter Gropius and was the base for the Bauhaus school of Art Design. The building exemplified Gropius mastery in building with steel and glass to produce light filled functional structures The clarity of the design idea finds expression above all in the large area of glass frontage () The clear, practical arrangement of the windows and balconies gives the building its own special appearance. (Fiedler Feierbend, 2006195).Much like Le Corbusier, Gropius built with practicality and moderateness in mind. His commitment to the machine age in which he was working was summed up in his belief that new times demand their own exp ression. still there was much deliberation on the origins of the design invention for the Bauhaus building The accusation of formalism was also heard, and there were malicious references to a design concept virtually borrowed from Le Corbusier. (Fiedler Feierbend, 2006198). This can best be seen through aerial photographs of the Bauhaus building where the interlinking of various functional areas can be easily seen. This particular aspect is what Le Corbusier named the Architectural Promenade, a continuity of space.The Villa Savoye is a key structure which exemplified the International Style. Its features were imitated by several architects in different styles. It is easy see the similarities in the buildings of the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements, features like a flat concrete slab roof, interlinking spaces and rectilinear faade appear in all styles but are most potently represented in the Villa Savoye. The use of white on walls is another significant aspect of the modernist style also seen in a range of different examples from this diaphragm of time.The Villa is full of rich ideas which have and will continue to be imitated in the future. It might now stand as an artifact or museum, but it will still inspire Architects worldwide and will continue to do so in the future.

The Cobb Douglas Function

The Cobb Douglas FunctionThis chapter will discuss the opined techniques theories and the equation, it is include the unit of measurement root hear and Autoregressive Distri besidesed incarce grade (ARDL) Bounds trial. And the data sources also discuss in this dower.3.1 Endogenous suppuration theory and modelingIn the economic condition, the Cobb-Douglas placeal reach of exertion licks is unremarkably use to represent the relationship of an output to introduces. It was predictable by Knut Wicksell (1851-1926) and psychometric adjudicateed against statistical evidence by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in the years of 1900-1928. The turnout serve well is shown as downstairsY = ALK, (1)Where the symbol of transformation for the Cobb-Douglas function is= Total production (the monetary apprise of all goods produced in a year)= sweat input= Capital input= Total productivity cropThe and atomic number 18 the output elasticity of labor and big(p) simultaneously. These values are unending de statusined by available technology.For output eleasticity the receptiveness of output to a change in takes of devil(prenominal) labor and great(p) use in production in the condition of ceteris paribus. Such as if =0.20, it will show that the 1% plus in labor will lead to a 0.2% adjoin in output. + = 1,These function indicate that the constant return to scale in production function. That means if L and K are each enlarge 30%, Y will change magnitude in 30% too.If the return to scale are decreasing and return to scale are increasing, this will be show as belowExpect it on the perfect competition, the and so-and-so be indicate to be the both labor and slap-up share of output.The Cobb-Douglas function are influnced by statistical evidence that come into sight to show that labor and capital shares of innate output are constant over clipping in true countries, the researchers clarified this by statistical change courseting least squares relapsin g in their production function. It is show that having doubt over whether constancy over time exists. further according to Yao and Wei (2007), by dint of joint ventures local satisfyings keep been able to imitate unconnected technologies and started to produce their own models or supply parts to foreign industries. there is no doubt that FDI has not altogether helped improve the production efficiency of house servant firms but also helped to push Koreas production bourne towards the worlds roughly in advance(p) trains. Assume that there are two countries in the world one is an industrialized economy A and the other(a) is a newly industrializing economy (B) and both countries will follow a Cobb-Douglas production technology(2)Where Y, K, L are respectively to GDP, capital and labor, j and t foretell inelegant (A, B) and time. And g(z) is a function of various factors affecting production efficiency and the production frontier, including trades, human capital, FDI, in stitutions and others. As country A is richer and has a higher K/L ratio than country B, country A tends to make trustments in B in severalize to maximize returns to capital, as long as YBt /KBt YAt /KAt holds true.According to Yao and Wei (2007), in this two-country perspective, both countries should have mutual benefits for cross-border movement of capital to take place. The benefit for A is that it can maximize returns to its capital and has access to Bs market. The benefit for B is that it can have access to As technology and improve per capita income so that the income gap between A and B declines over time. Another assumption is that both countries invest in science and technology to create seeledge and innovation. However, because A has better endowments in both physical and human capital, it is more than able to innovate and because produce a higher take of output given the same level of inputs in comparison with B. The only way for B to decrease this technological gap is through importation of As technology embedded through FDI.But again from according Yao and Wei (2007) that the role of FDI can recommend by their two propositions. Firstly, they given the same steady state of Bs technology, FDI can improve Bs production efficiency because foreign invested firms are front menstruateners in the sufferance of GPTs because of their superior human capital, management and organizational structure. Domestic firms can be trained from foreign invested firms through learning by watching. They also have incentives to beseem more proficient and competitive because they fear losing out to foreign invested firms.The moving effect of FDI on production efficiency of B can be illustrated in Figure 1. Production frontier of A and B, denotes the production frontier of B. At a steady state when input is fixed at X0, the unfeigned level of domestic production is Yd0 without the effect of FDI. If FDI has a exacting impact on production efficiency at this stea dy state, or YB/FDIB 0, the actual level of production will rise to Yf 0. The net moving effect of FDI on country Bs production is (Yf 0 Yd0). Second proposition examine that FDI is a shifter of the domestic production frontier. If FDI does not have a switch effect, the maximum output of B can never go above PFB. If FDI has a shifting effect, country Bs maximum potential output can be as high as those located on PFA, which is the production frontier of A. (Cobb-Douglas. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas)Figure 3.1 Production Frontier of A and B and the role of FDI in B.Y PFAYftPFBYdtYf0Yd00 X0 X1XFor example, without a shifting effect, the actual level of production may move from Yf 0 at the initial steady state to Ydt at the new steady state with a new input mix Xt. The maximum possible output of B at the new level of input will be on PFB or below. If FDI has a shifting effect, the actual level of output can go above PFB, with a maximum potential output to be on PFA. In Fig. 1, if the new actual output is Yf t , which is situated between the two frontiers, it means that the production frontier of B has been shifted towards PFA from PFB. This positive shifting effect can be evince as YB/FDI = f (t)0, implying that the marginal product of FDI is an increasing function of time (Yao and Wei, 2007).According to Yao and Wei (2007) indicate that with Propositions 1 and 2, country Bs production function can be rewritten as(3)And FDI is part of the multiplier ABt along with a set of other variables Z1 which can also improve production efficiency. Besides, FDI enters the residual term to be a shifter of the production frontier along with other variables, including a time trend t , which captures the Hicks neutral technological progress in B in the absence of FDI or foreign technologies, t * FDI captures the additional technological progress that is attributed only to FDI. The join effect of FDI on economic increase in country B can be expressed as(4)The initiatory part on the right-hand side of (4) measures the moving effect, and the second part the shifting effect of FDI on YB. If both effect are positive and world-shattering, the above two propositions hold true.While the traditional growth theory considered only two factors of production, namely capital and labor, this new growth theory adds a third, technology. Endogenous growth theory or new growth theory focuses on the wider concept of technology, which is expressed through ideas, instead of objects or products. It necessitates a different set of institutional arrangements, like pricing systems, taxation or incentives to ensure the streamlined allocation of ideas. These types of models are sometimes called Schumpeterian models because Schumpeter emphasized the importance of temporary monopolistic power over discoveries, as a motivating force for continued innovative process.A great deal of evidence has been produced in recen t years casting doubt on endogenous growth theory. Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) argue that the neoclassical growth model of Solow and Swan with exogenous technological progress and diminishing returns to capital, explains most of the cross-country variation in output per person. The Schumpeterian variant of endogenous growth theory that emphasizes technological progress, innovation and RD has come under particularly heavy fire.Endogenous growth models attempt to explain a greater proportion of observed growth as well as why different countries experience different growth rates. They generally use the neoclassical model but allow the production function to exhibit increasing returns to scale, focus on externalities and assume that technological change, although authoritative, is not necessary to explain long-run growth. In 1986, paper of Romer ignores physical capital and only considers knowledge but a general form of his model can be written asY = A(R) F (Rj, Kj, Lj) (5)Where R j, K j and L j are, respectively, stocktaking results from research and development expenditure by firm j, physical capital of firm j and labor of firm j R is the aggregate stock of knowledge. Any private research effort will have a spillover effect for the public stock of knowledge A(R). This type of model can explain why countries experience different growth rates. A country with an initial higher level of K experiences a higher rate of growth of K leading to a higher rate of growth of per capita income because such a country is more experienced through learning by doing. This is an external effect that prevents diminishing returns.3.2 amaze specificationThe previous empirical studies have proved that GDP can be resolved by the following variables labor and capital as basic physical inputs export, FDI and foreign exchange rate policy as variables of openness. The following model regression will include all these variables.(6)Where t (t = 1976, , 2008) denote year t, k and l capit al stock (Gross fixed capital accumulation) and total labor force, fdi = FDI inflow, exp = total export and exc = literal exchange rate. Lastly, the Y is the Gross domestic product in economic growth and the is error term.Data for GDP are porcine domestic product and capital is calibrated below based on investment in fixed assets. All the variables are calculated in 2000 constant prices. GDP is derived from real GDP annual indexes by province. Labor is total labor force in each province. FDI is actually used FDI inflows. Export is the total value of exports.The description of FDI in the production model needs careful reflection. Because capital stock is the accumulation of fixed asset investment, which includes both domestic and foreign investments, the production function would be mis-specified if FDI, either measured as a flow or stock, were added as another explanatory variable along with capital stock. In the previous literature, export and exchange rate also has been found to be relevant variables in the production function. Like FDI, export is defined as total FDI inflows and total export in Korea therefore can effect to output.The values of exports and FDI are provided in US dollars (USD) in the official statistics. Since they are measured in US dollars, most economic analysts do not bother to deflate the values in current prices into values in constant prices (e.g. Liu et al., 1997 Liu, 2000). It is important to conduct an appropriate deflation. One relevant deflator is the US consumer price index. The values of trade and FDI in nominal dollars are deflated by this index. Since all the other variables in the model are measured in KRW100, it is useful to change these two variables in KRW as well.Exchange rate is real exchange rate, which is time-variant but location-invariant as all the provinces faced the same foreign exchange rate. Beside this, real exchange rate should be derived from the exchange rates and price indexes of Koreas main affair pa rtners. However, since KRW follows the US dollar very closely, albeit not pegged to the dollar, only the dollar exchange rate and the US price index are used to calculate the real exchange rate. Real exchange rate is expected to have a positive sign influence on economic growth because it represents Chinas competitiveness in international trade and the extent of market liberalization in the foreign exchange market from Yao and Zhang (2001). The expectation result for the variable of capital stock, labor, human capital, FDI, export and real exchange rate are expect getting the significant and positive relationship to economic growth.3.3 Empirical methodology3.3.1 Unit root dischargeA unit root exam is vital in observing the stationery of time series data. It is main to estimate about the variables observed have a tendency to return to the long term trend follow a shock (stationery) or the variables follow a random walk which containing a unit root. If the variables follow a random walk after a temporary or permanent shock, the regression between variables is spurious (Amiruddin, Nor and Ismail 2007). According to the Grauss-Markovs theorem, in such cases, the series do not have a finite variance. Hence the OLS will not produce lucid parameter estimates.A unmoving series is one whose basic properties, for example it mean and its variance, do not change it over time. In contrast, a non-stationary series has one or more basic properties that do change over time. If the time series variable is stationery,i) The mean of is constant over timeii) The variance of is constant over timeiii) The simple correlation coefficient between and depends on the length of the lag (k) but on no other variable (for all k).The unit root mental testing can separate into 2 test, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test. This will test for level (original series), first differences and second differences (changes). If stationary at level, therefore t he series are integrated of order zero, I(0) and if stationary at first differences and second differences, the series are integrated of order one and two, I(1) and I(2) respectively.The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic and Phillips-Perron test statistic to estimate the stationary for the variables. The results are and the hypothesis will indicate as belowHypothesisHo No stationaryHa stationaryHence, p-value should venial tahan 0.05, then rejected Ho, that is stationary, if failure to reject Ho, that means no stationary.3.3.2 Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-Bound testThe Bound Testing Method can use to estimate the small size sample data in between 30 observations. Therefore, one of the conditions is the dependent variables must be in I(1) and the dependent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1), but not the I(2). For example Y=a+b1X1+b2X2+b3X3+e. The variable Y must stationary at order one or I(1) and the X1,X2 and X3 can be in I(0) or I(1) or mixed. For the simplicit y, the Bound testing can be shown as(7)The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) was used to establish co-integration relationships among the variables. And it can use to overcome the stationary problem in the time-series regression. The advantage of the ARDL method is it can be applied to the model whether the independent variables are stationary at I (0) or I (1). The dependent variable must stationary in I (1). As a result, a combat-ready model known as the Autoregressive Distributed lag model (ARDL) will be estimated and can be written as(8)This equation shows that output growth is effects by values of explanatory variables as well as the lagged dependent and explanatory variables. The holdary test used the conventional F-test compare to the critical value to detect the presence of co-integrating relationship. The critical value is base on the Narayan (2005) table of critical values for the bounds test case III Unrestricted intercept and no trend. If the F-test is higher than the upper bound critical value, the hypothesis of no-co-integration is rejected. Beside this, if an F-statistic is lower than the lower bound critical value implies that the absences of the co-integration. If the F-statistic is in between the lower bound and upper bound, there is no clear indication of the absence or existence of co-integration relationship.Using Wald test to investigate the joint hypothesis is,HoHaThe conclusion for the hypothesis can be separate to three part, that isi) If the Wald F-statistic fall above the upper critical value- cointegration exists.ii) If the Wald F-statistic falls down between the lower bound and upper bound critical value- inconclusive.iii) If the Wald F-statistic falls below the lower bound critical value-no cointegration exists.Furthermore, an flaw Correlation Model (ECM) also use with the Bound test, the form is(9)Where, 1-L is the difference operator f(yt,xt)trend trend term long run multiplierTh erefore, from the ARDL model, we can use the Bewleys (1979) regression approach to obtain the long run model.(i=1,2,,k) (10)Where, and , i= 1,2,, k are the selected (estimated) values of and , i=1,2,..,k.However, the short run dynamic model is estimated base on the Unrestricted Error Correction Model (UECM) model.(11)Where electroshock represents as a long run steady point or partial try-on term as below(12)And using the Wald test to work the long run elasticities and it standard error is1-Sum of the dependent coefficients= Sum of the independent coefficients (13)3.4 DataThe secondary data set consists of the annually data of the Korea economy for the period of 1976 to 2008 obtained from World Bank database, UC Atlas of Global Inequality, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistic (IFS), Korea National Statistical and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Since the ultimate goal is to perform regression analysis with the data expre ssed in natural logarithms, it may instead wish to break away with the log and proxy for variable as belowCHAPTER 4REGRESSION RESULTS4.0 IntroductionAugmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL).4.1 Unit root testIn this study, two stationary tests on individual stochastic trend are conducted, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) tests which have been used frequently I time series data. The value of ADF t-statistic and PP z-statistic will be compared to the critical value given by MacKinnon (1991). The time series under consideration should be integrated in the same order before we can proceed to cointegration analysis and causality test. The result can be show as below4.1.1 Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test base on the result as below Table 4.1.1, it show that result for Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. I n the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference. Therefore, all series are I(1) process.VariableLevelFirst Differences uninterrupted with trendsConstant without trendsConstant with trendsConstant without trendst-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valueEconomic growth (y)-2.070027(0)0.54212.327602(0)0.9999-5.756136*(0)0.0003-4.782721*(0)0.0006Capital stock (k)-1.911924(0)0.6251-0.546014(0)0.8689-4.515321*(1)0.0060-4.361648*(0)0.0017Labor force (l)-0.459604(0)0.9804-1.009485(0)0.6241-4.564489*(0)0.0051-4.425029*(0)0.0014FDI (fdi)-4.190134(1)0.0125-1.009485(3)0.7363-2.892944*(8)0.1825-6.300895*(2)0.0000Export (exp)2.708182(0)1.00005.784347(0)1.0000-3.567930*(0)0.0495-2.184710(0)0.2155Real exchang e rate (exc)-2.246001(0)0.4496-1.594207(0)0.4739-5.035710*(0)0.0016-5.101766*(0)0.0002Table 4.1.1 Result Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) testCriteria Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC)VariableLevelFirst DifferencesConstant with trendsConstant without trendsConstant with trendsConstant without trendst-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valuet-statp-valueEconomic growth (y)-2.815698(18)0.20233.136859(7)1.0000-6.399643*(11)0.0000-4.778071*(1)0.0006Capital stock (k)-2.096298(2)0.5282-0.519748(5)0.8745-4.100869*(7)0.0153-4.204347*(7)0.0026Labor force (l)-0.631981(1)0.9699-1.228256(1)0.6498-4.564489*(0)0.0051-4.423468*(1)0.0014FDI (fdi)-1.392163(31)0.8440-1.577055(31)0.4824-4.828185*(12)0.0027-5.032975*(13)0.0003Export (exp)4.407935(8)1.00006.050077(5)1.0000-3.555909*(1)0.0507-2.042327(1)0.2683Real exchange rate (exc)-2.374756(1)0.3848-1.615847(1)0.4631-4.981815*(3)0.0018-5.068019*(2)0.0003Note The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. * debate that 5% at significant level.Table 4.1.2 Result Phillips-Perron (PP) testCriteria Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC)Note The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. *Indicate that 5% at significant level.4.1.2 Phillips-Perron (PP) testBased on the result as above Table 4.1.2, it show that result for Phillips-Perron (PP) test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. In the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference from the result of PP test. Therefore, all variables are integrated of order I(1).4.2 Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) testThe conditi on of the bound testing is the dependent variable must be in I(1) and the independent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1). The y is I(1) and the independent variable is mixed in I(0) and I(1)., the estimation of co-integration can be done by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The Bound test technique is applied to examine the long run relationship between the exchange rate and its determinants. The result of the estimated ARDL model for Malaysia is reported as Table 4.2. The goodness of fit of the model (adjusted R-squared (Adjusted-R2)) and the standard error of regression are higher.Based on the table 4.2, includes the symptomatic tests used to confirm the validity of the model. These several important diagnostic test has been carry out in order to strengthen the accuracy of the results. The result of the diagnostic test indicated that the residual of the model is normally distributed. Beside this, there are no heteroskedasticitity and no serial correlation. Howe ver, the model successes to pass the Ramsey RESET test. Since all the hazard is larger than 0.05 (5%) significant level. Thus, hypothesis failed to reject the Ho, hence there are absence of those problem in the model carried out.Note The critical values are cited from Narayan(2005).(Table case III Unrestricted intercept and no trendpg1988). *,**and *** denote significant at 10%,5% and 1% significance level, respectively.Based on the Table 4.3, the results of bound cointegration test obviously demonstrated that the null hypothesis is, against the choice hypothesis is easily rejected at 1% significant level. The model shows that the determinant variables are strongly cointegrated with economic growth in Korea. The result showed that the F-statistic compute by Wald test is highly significant at 1% significance level. The F-statistic is 8.742069, which is greater than the upper critical bound value of 6.040, so it is showed that cointegration exists. Hence, based on the test result, th ere exist cointegration or long run relationship among the economic growth, capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate.(14)Based on the Table 4.4 reported the long run elasticity between the variables use the ARDL test. The expected sign of the variables are indicate in this table and the estimated coefficient for capital stock (k) is positive 0.764333 and has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase in the capital stock by 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the staring(a) domestic product (GDP) will increase 0.764333 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error is 1.594101 and probability 0.6359 is the p-value in the model.For the labor force (l), the estimated coefficient is positive sign, it is 25318.75 and which is consistent with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when 1 unit labor force increase, the GDP will increase 25318.75 US Dollar (US$). The probability is 0.4858 and standard error is 35765.61.In additio n, the foreign direct investment (fdi) in estimated coefficient is positive 5.627353 and same with the expected sign. This indicate that when increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in the foreign direct investment, the GDP will increase 5.627353 billion US Dollar (US$). The p-value is 0.4313 and standard error is 7.032203.The estimated coefficient for export (exp) is positive 0.798721, it has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in export, the GDP will increase 0.798721 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error for export is 0.204665 and the probability is 0.0007.In the case of real exchange rate (exc), the estimated coefficient is positive 173672187.2 and is similar with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when real exchange rate increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100 (KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will leads to increase in 173672187.2 US Dollar (US$). The p-value for real exchange rate is 0.1910 and standard error is 1. 29E+18.4.5 The Error Correction Model (ECM) testThe result of the Error Correction Model is reported at Table 4.6 and the Error Correction Term (ECT) is shows as below(15)So, the ECT equation will be generated into short run dynamic model.Based on the Table 4.5, the error correction term (ECT) is -0.090218. This implies that speed of adjustment to the long run stability is very slow which is 0.09. It is negative sign and rapid adjustment from a short term imbalance. The negative sign of the ECT means when there is a short run shocks occur, the gap is closed towards the adjustment process to the long run stability. This implies that the imbalance of output growth in the short run maybe adjusted with error corrections that resume the long term equilibrium. Approximately a high percentage of 89.7% of the gross domestic product can be clarify by the capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate selected.Furthermore, the variable of capital stock (k) is s ignificantly influence the gross domestic product (GDP/y) in the short run. The capital stock represents the gross fixed capital formation to be the most important factor that influences the gross domestic product in Korea. The capital stock, labor (l), foreign direct investment (fdi), export (exp) and real exchange rate (exc) is statistically positive influence in the current year of gross domestic product. As mentioned in literature review, this all explanatory variables should be elastic, portrays a positive sign and is should be a statistically variable in most of the research.In the short run, capital stock is statistically significant and positive sign to the gross domestic product for Korea. When capital stock is increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will attracts approximately increase 1.249795 billion US Dollar (US$). Beside this, when the labor is increase 1 unit labor force, the gross domestic product will increase 2308.908 US Dollar (US$). And if the foreign direct investment increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will increase 0.508124 billion US Dollar (US$). If export increase in 1 billion US Dollar (US$), gross domestic product will increase 0.072330 billion US Dollar (US$). Lastly, when the real exchange rate is increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100(KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will increase in 15708616 US Dollar (US$).

Infomercials And Other Dishonest Commercials Essay -- essays research

Infomercials and Other Dishonest CommercialsThe other night I was sitting in front of the television watching a new-fanglednight show, when a commercial break came on, I instinctively clicked on theremote to flip by dint of the channels to see what else was on. As I surfed throughthe channels I came across dozens of info-mercials, a commercial for shootting acollege degree at home, and a few mental hotline advertisements. I stopclicking the remote after a while to see what the commercials were selling, andto see how cheep the products were. There were advertisements for how to adhere abetter body, the "fountain of spring chicken" make-up, and the charcoal-less grill. It is horrendous what they stand by under ones skin up with nowadays. As I continued surfing I came acrossSally Struthers trying to sell an "earn your college degree at home" commercial,honestly, how darling can that kind of degree be? Then as I kept flipping, I cameacross the "psychic netwo rk of friends" advertisement, on the dot as they were offer a "free psychic reading to first time callers" all that was requiredwas that a certain 1-800 number be dialed and a person could get a reading.Then to show that the reading was accurate, they had people come on and say thattheir experience with the psychic was "life changing," and that "it was so realthe psychic knew everything." It is amazing what people will fall for in thisday and age.     Info-mercials ar basically half hour commercials that attempt to sellproducts to watchers. The products that most info-mercials offer are things thatare said to "improve someones life" but in most cases the products are rip-offsand are an easy way for the manufacturers to make money. Some of the productsinclude the "AB-flex," a simple(a) rocking seat that is supposed to hold thisunearthly power to flatten a persons stomach. The "AB-flex" guarantees to "makei t easier to develop stomach muscles, without the assistance of any othermachine, in just thirty days" they also claim that "this piece of equipment canmake you feel younger and give you more energy." There is also an info-mercialfor "the fountain of youth" make-up, the make-up is said to make skin appearyounger than it actually is this product plays off the idea of women hating togr... ...s reliant on"their own personal psychic" for information about their future life, there isalmost no turning back. These hotlines, I have to admit, are a really good moneymaker. Who would not want to know what is going to happen to themselves in thefuture? It would tempt even the most rational person to call up the number toget a glimpse into their future.     The world is not longer filled with honest people. All that people areout for nowadays is money, and they will do anything to get it, even if it meanslying, deceiving, and bribing people into th ings They will stop at nothing.Salespeople reason this by that if the people that are watching are gullibleenough to get or call, then they deserve to be ripped-off. Honesty in sales nolonger exists, it has been replaced by lying and cheating. Consumers are nolonger expert from these deceivers, instead they must arm themselves withknowledge and common-sense. For some people this may be a challenge, they havealready been drawn into the trap of these liars, and it is difficult for them to scheme the trap, but if we are to survive in this new world of dishonest people,then we must be armed.

Marketing External Environments :: essays research papers

Im not sure if I am winning the right definition of external environments in my answer, but I willing talk active them in the way I have learned about them before. There be always a number of external factors that affect customers, and if a marketing team is good they will gather in all of them into consideration.Demographics defined as The characteristics of human populations and population segments, especially when used to identify consumer markets. I think this is one of the most important factors to look at because in take into account many things about the population including, but not limited toRaceGenderAverage IncomeLocationPopulationThis makes a huge distinction in marketing because marketing to middle aged Hispanic females may quest a totally different campaign then elderly black-and-blue males, although they may both be interested in the product. This is generally used in the initial stages of planning to decide if a certain area will even be profitable to market in.Political Factors Depending on the political group of the area there may be bans on certain advertize or activities. Certain businesses may be supported more by specific political groups. For example a gun shop may collapse in a more democratic area but be a huge success in a primary republican area. You could examine say, Texas and Massachusetts. In Republican Texas the gun ownership percentage is untold, much higher then in Democratic Massachusetts.Economic Factors This includes things like interest rates, exchange rates, brass policies on taxation and spending, among opposite things. One of the most common examples of this is car dealerships advertising Lowest Interest Rates Ever It may be much more successful to push a product more when interest rates are lower, and more appealing to consumers.Technological Factors The technological world is booming, products are moving from Version 1.5 to Version 6.7 in a matter of months. With so much new technology being introduced its important to remain user friendly, cost conscious, and efficient. Competitors This one is huge. Companies and consumers alike need to be aware of the competing business in the area. Cost conscious consumers will look in flyers to see if oversize Y or Stop and Shop has cheaper grapes, and the businesses need to be aware of this so they can appeal to the customer in a way the other business is not. If there are competing businesses in a specific area, you will RARELY see one advertise and the other abstain, for the simple fact that you need to do everything your competitor is doing and then some.

Integrated Management Services :: Dr. John D. Calhoun Engineering Essays

Integrated Management ServicesIf you are unfamiliar with Integrated Management Services because you are truly missing an impressive accomplishment. Integrated Management Services is a minority owned Jackson based organization that was founded and incorporated in 1996. IMS is owned Dr. John D. Calhoun, President, and Mr. Rod L. Hill, Vice-President, both from Jackson, Mississippi and both former graduates of Jackson State University. The mission of IMS is to provide clients the best in engineering expertness and service, with a total commitment to quality, responsiveness and integrity. Integrated Management Services is a company that is more than just engineers. IMS deals with consulting (IMS Consultants), employment training (IMS Tech) as intumesce as engineering (IMS Engineers, PA). I plan to look at IMS Engineers, PA broadly in this paper. The information encompassed in this report comes from the CEO/ President, Dr. Calhoun and the fiscal officer, Derrick Cannon. IMS Engine ers deals mostly with infrastructure engineering with the city, county, state, and federal departments. It is a for- cyberspace business that usually lets it work speak for itself. They also market their services through proposals and personal contacts. Resources come from fees trustworthy from services and unless these services are do effectively, they will not receive the correct amount. A profit is made if the job can be done more efficiently than budgeted. An example he, Dr. Calhoun, gave me is one where a project is scheduled to use 1000 hours of labor. If the project uses those 1000 hours or less, then a profit has been made. Dr. Calhoun explained the troubles and run a risks involved with the engineering market. He explained that the market has trouble recruiting talent and properly designing exactly what the client is looking for. He stated to me that, A diffuse of the work done here has never been done before. The risks involved with taking every job is fashioning sure that you can do the job. This is a risk in every field of business. When asked about any auditing risks he feels the company faces, he says his greatest concern is that the federal funds are properly accounted for and making sure they are accurate. As long as IMS is timely with its tax payments and any questionable charges (entertainment, gifts, contributions, etc.

Ants :: essays research papers

Ants belong to an order of insects called Hymenoptera this group also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. They belong to the insect family Formicidae meaning ant family. There argon over 60 genre existing in North America comprising hundreds of different species on this continent al adept. There ar many different kinds of ants all over the world. just about kinds of ants among the best known are fire ants, army ants, carpenter ants, driver ants, harvester ants, weaver ants, fungus- gardening ants, aphid- tending ants, honeypot ants, and acacia ants.Ants can be ensnare in many places such as soil, leaf litter, rotting wood and dead trees. Ants live all over the world, except for the Arctic and Antarctic and about islands, also on the coldest mountain tops. They are most abundant in the tropical rainforests and other tropical regions.All ants are social. In fact they are the only insects in which all species are social. Large groups of ants live in colonies or communities together . In the majority of ants, colonies are families or groups of related families. These groups consist of one or more queens, who rule the colony, and males, whose only job is to fertilize the queen and then die soon after. The workers in the colony are only females. These workers are divided into several working classes including enlargement and repair of the nest, taking care of the larvae, tending to the queen, defending the colony, and foraging for food.The shape of the ant head can be oval shaped, spherical, triangular or even rectangular it differs among species. All ants keep an opening in the back of their head, through which the beginning of the digestive tract, nerves and furrow pass through. Inside the mouth are three different parts. The mandibles, or jaws, are long and broad and are toothed, or serrated. Ants use their mandibles for collecting and carrying food, digging, twist nests, cutting and fighting. The maxillae, or lower jaws, are used to extract liquids from fo ods. Ants use their tongues for sucking up the liquid food. Also two pairs of slender palpi are in spite of appearance the mouth, that resemble antennae, and play an important role in eating.Ants have two compound eyes each are made of light-sensitive compartments called ommatidia. Other types of ants have three simple eyes called ocelli on the tops of their heads. Different species have developed sight, but some are completely blind.